M1: Experimental Epidemiology

Question 1

Intervention or experimentation involves attempting to change a variable in one or more groups of people. This could mean the elimination of a dietary factor thought to cause allergy, or testing a new treatment on a selected group of patients

Answer 1

Experimental epidemiology

Question 2

The effects of an intervention are measured by comparing the _______ with that in a _______

Answer 2

outcome in the experimental group, control group

Question 3

What is ALWAYS required for study participants to sign before taking part in any experiment

Answer 3

Informed Consent

Question 4

3 designs of an interventional study

Answer 4

(RaFiC)

1. Randomized controlled trial
2. Field trial
3. Community Trial

Question 5

is an epidemiological experiment designed to study the effects of a particular intervention, usually a treatment for a specific disease

Answer 5

randomized controlled trial

Question 6

Subjects in the study population are (randomly allocated) to intervention and control groups, and the results are assessed by comparing outcomes

Answer 6

randomized controlled trial

Question 7

is an epidemiological experiment involving people who are healthy but presumed to be at risk; data collection takes place “in the field,” usually among non-institutionalized people in the general population

Answer 7

Field Trials

Question 8

Purpose of Field trials

Answer 8

Prevent diseases that may occur with relatively low frequency

Question 9

epidemiological experiments that are often logistically complicated and expensive endeavors

Answer 9

Field Trials

Question 10

One of the largest field trials was that testing of what?

Answer 10

Salk Vaccine for poliomyelitis

Question 11

Epidemiological experiment that can be used to evaluate interventions aimed at reducing exposure
without necessarily measuring the occurrence of health effects.

Answer 11

Field Trials

Question 12

In this form of experiment, the treatment groups are communities rather than individuals.

Answer 12

Community trials

Question 13

This is particularly appropriate for diseases that are influenced by (social conditions), and for which prevention efforts target group behavior.

Answer 13

Community Trials

Question 14

is a good example of a

condition appropriate for community trials

Answer 14

Cardiovascular

Question 15

4 Limitation of community trials

Answer 15

(LISR)
1. Limiting in design
2. Impossible to isolate during intervention
3. Small scope
4. Random allocation not practical
_______________________________
Basically it is too small hence the design is limited and it cannot be randomized nor isolated.

Question 16

is new to the pyramid of evidence strength

Answer 16

Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis

Question 17

THREE MAIN TYPES OF OBSERVATIONAL

STUDIES

Answer 17

(3Cs)
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
Case-control study

Question 18

THREE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS of Experimental studies

Answer 18

(CoMRand)

1. Manipulation
2. Control
3. Randomizations

Question 19

Diets administered by James Lind in his treatment for scurvy

Answer 19

(COVENS)

1. Cyder (quart/day)
2. Elixir vitriol (25 for 3x/day)
3. Vinegar (2 spoons for 3x/day)
4. Sea water (Half pint/day)
5. 2 oranges and 1 lemon (everyday)
6. Nutmeg (3x/day)

Question 20

Most common experimental study

Answer 20

randomized clinical trial

Question 21

Trial where they test the efficacy of a treatment

Answer 21

Clinical trials

Question 22

assess effectiveness of (prevention) program in a (community)

Answer 22

COMMUNITY INTERVENTION TRIALS

Question 23

5 Types of treatments that can be tested in (clinical trials)

Answer 23

(DPRk HeL)

1. Drugs
2. Procedures
3. Risk factor modifications
4. Health Education
5. Lifestyle modification

Question 24

A method used to prevent bias in research; a computer
or a table of random numbers generates treatment assignments, and participants have an equal chance to be assigned to one of two or more groups

Answer 24

Randomization

Question 25

WHY IS RANDOMIZATION IMPORTANT?

Answer 25

So all groups are as alike as possible

Question 26

5 PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGNS

Answer 26

(MRS. CluS) 1. Random 2. Systematic 3. Stratified 4. Cluster 5. Multi Stage

Question 27

Most basic type of sampling design. Every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

Answer 27

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Question 28

3 Types of Blinding (Masking)

Answer 28

(OSD) 1. Open Label 2. Single Blind 3. Double Blind

Question 29

Blinding where patient and physician know treatment assignment

Answer 29

Open label

Question 30

Blinding where patient does not know, but physician does

Answer 30

Single blind

Question 31

Blinding where neither the patient nor the physician knows the treatment assignment (statistician or computer programmer knows the treatment assignment)

Answer 31

Double blind

Question 32

The simplest of all design based on randomization and replication

Answer 32

Completely randomized design

Question 33

one in which the number of experimental units per block is equal to the number of treatments and every treatment occurs once and only once in each block, the order of treatments within a block being randomized

Answer 33

Randomized Complete Block Design

Question 34

An experiment whose design consist of (two or more factor) each with different possible values or ” levels

Answer 34

Factorial design

Question 35

At least one characteristic of a true experiment is | missing, either randomization or the use of separate control group

Answer 35

Quasi experiment

Question 36

Example of Quasi experiment

Answer 36

Handwashing Technique Instruction and Helminthiasis

Question 37

Directionality of a Cohort Study

Answer 37

Always forward

Question 38

Timing of a cohort study

Answer 38

Prospective or Retrospective

Question 39

Directionality of Case Control Study

Answer 39

Always backwards

Question 40

Timing of Case control study

Answer 40

Always retrospective

Question 41

Directionality of Cross sectional study

Answer 41

Always non-directional

Question 42

Timing of Cross sectional study

Answer 42

Always Retrospective

Question 43

5 TYPES OF STUDY DESIGN

Answer 43

``` ● Randomized Clinical Trial ● Cross-Sectional Study ● Prospective Cohort Study ● Retrospective Cohort Study ● Case-Control Study ```

Question 44

an approach that follows research participants over a period of time (often many years)

Answer 44

Cohort study

Question 45

A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition (under study) and a very similar group of people (who do not have the disease) or condition

Answer 45

Case Control study

Question 46

involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time. The participants in this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest.

Answer 46

Cross sectional study