M1: Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

• Unit of inheritance
• Mendel’s unit factors

Answer 1

Gene

Question 2

Alternative forms of a single gene

Answer 2

Allele

Question 3

Allele Phenotypes

Answer 3

Dominant and Recessive trait

Question 4

Symbolizes the character in question

Answer 4

First letter of the recessive trait

Question 5

Physical expression
- Trait
- Information contained in the gene

Answer 5

Phenotype

Question 6

Designates the genetic makeup of an individual for the trait it describes (whether diploid and haploid)

Answer 6

Genotype

Question 7

Individual with identical alleles at one or more loci

Answer 7

Homozygote/Homozygous

Question 8

Individual with different alleles at one or more loci

Answer 8

Heterozygote/Heterozygous

Question 9

Plant used in Mendel’s Model Experimental Approach

Answer 9

Pisum sativum (Garden Pea)

Question 10

Reason for using Garden Pea

Answer 10

• Easy to grow
• Grows to maturity in a single season
• Reproduces well
• Self-fertilizing in nature
• Easy to cross-breed experimentally
• Easy to hybridize artificially

Question 11

One pair of contrasting traits
(1 character)

Answer 11

Monohybrid cross

Question 12

In Monohybrid Cross, it expresses the same trait exhibited by one of the parents

Answer 12

F1 Offspring

Question 13

In Monohybrid Cross, it shows a ratio of 3:1

Answer 13

F2 Offspring

Question 14

In Monohybrid Cross, results are not

Answer 14

Results are not sex dependent

Question 15

Mendel’s Principle of Inheritance

Answer 15

1. The Principle of Unit Factors in Pairs
2. The Principle of Segregation
3. The Principle of Dominance
4. The Principle of Independent Assortment

Question 16

Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms

Answer 16

Principle of Unit Factors in Pairs

Question 17

When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive

Answer 17

Principle of Dominance

Question 18

During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate, or segregate, randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood

Answer 18

Principle of Segregation

Question 19

He developed the Punnet Squares

Answer 19

Reginald C. Punnett

Question 20

A diagram used to easily visualize the genotypes and phenotypes resulting from the recombination of gametes during fertilization

Answer 20

Punnet Square

Question 21

He devised the Test Cross

Answer 21

Mendel

Question 22

A test devised by Mendel to distinguish the genotypes of F2 offspring showing the dominant phenotype

Answer 22

Test Cross

Question 23

During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors (alleles) assort independently of each other

Answer 23

Principle of Independent Assortment

Question 24

Examination of two characters simultaneously (Two-factor cross)

Answer 24

Dihybrid Cross

Question 25

1. Unit Factors in Pairs - Prophase I 2. Segregation of Unit Factors during gamete formation - Anaphase I 3. Independent Assortment of Segregating Unit Factors - M2

Answer 25

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Question 26

Inheritance of Multiple Traits and Three-factor cross

Answer 26

Trihybrid cross

Question 27

An event is certain not to occur

Answer 27

0

Question 28

The probability of obtaining any single outcome, where that outcome can be achieved by two or more events, is equal to the sum of the individual probabilities of all such events

Answer 28

Sum Law

Question 29

An event is certain to occur

Answer 29

1

Question 30

The probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

Answer 30

Product Law

Question 31

Evaluates the influence of chance on genetic data and assessment of the null hypothesis (H0)

Answer 31

Chi-square Analysis

Question 32

No real difference exists between measured values and predicted values. Any apparent difference can be attributed purely to chance

Answer 32

Null Hypothesis

Question 33

Observed deviation from the expected result cannot be attributable to chance alone

Answer 33

(Null Hypothesis) is Rejected

Question 34

Any observed deviations are attributed to chance

Answer 34

(Null Hypothesis) Fails to be Rejected

Question 35

p < 0.05

Answer 35

Rejected, Predicted is not equal to Observed

Question 36

p > 0.05 or p = 0.05

Answer 36

Fails to be Rejected, Predicted is equal to Observed

Question 37

Dominant Human Genetic Condition

Answer 37

Achondroplasia and Brachydactyly

Question 38

Abnormal bone growth and dwarfism

Answer 38

Achondroplasia

Question 39

Shortening of fingers and Toes

Answer 39

Brachydactyly

Question 40

Recessive Human Genetic Conditions

Answer 40

Albinism and Alkaptonuria

Question 41

Lack of pigment

Answer 41

Albinism

Question 42

Black urine disease

Answer 42

Alkaptonuria

Question 43

Used to determine the mode of inheritance if designed crosses are not possible and relatively few offsprings are available for study

Answer 43

Pedigree Analysis

Question 44

A family tree indicating the presence or absence of the trait in question for each member of each generation

Answer 44

Pedigree

Question 45

i. Either 1-3 or 1-4 are heterozygous ii. Traits skips generations iii. Traits appear equally in both sexes

Answer 45

Inheritance of Autosomal Recessive Traits

Question 46

i. i-1 is heterozygous for a dominant allele ii. Traits almost appear in each generation iii. Affected individuals have affected parents iv. Traits appear equally in both sexes

Answer 46

Inheritance of Autosomal Dominant Traits