M1.1 — 4 Tx 0-4 Flashcards
(30 cards)
The typical Tx vertebra has medium-sized ___ shaped vertebral bodies, medium-sized _____ central canal, prominent TP with ___ facets and long SP angulating ____
heart shaped bodies
round central canal
costal facets
downward angled SP
which Tx vertebra are atypical?
T1, T9, T10, T11, T12
what makes T1 atypical?
complete facet for 1st rib and demifacet for 2nd rib
- may have uncinate process
- SP more horizontal
what makes T9 atypical?
no inferior demifacet
what makes T10 and T11 atypical?
single costal facet for atypical ribs
what makes T12 atypical?
single costal facet, no facet on the TP
at birth, T1-S1 measures approximately __cm and reaches __cm at skeletal maturity. The Tx spine makes up what fraction of that?
20cm
45cm
Tx=2/3, Lx=1/3
The spine grows approximately __cm during the first 5 years of life
10cm
The height of the spine accounts for __% of total sitting height
60%
development of the Tx spine tends to be faster or slower than Cx and Lx?
faster
longitudinal growth of Tx spine in normal children is __cm/yr in 0-5yo, __cm/yr in 5-10yo, and __cm/year until puberty
1.3cm/yr = 0-5yo
0.7cm/yr = 5-10yo
1.1cm/yr = until puberty
the Tx cage volume is __% of it’s final size at birth, __% at 5yo, __% at 10yo and ___ until maturity
6% of final size at birth
30% at 5yo
50% at 10yo
doubles it’s size until maturity
at birth, the Tx cage width and depth is ____ shaped and by skeletal maturity it is ____ shaped
cylinder shaped - similar width and depth
elliptical shaped - depth/width is <1
ribs separate from the vertebra by the __th week. Cartilage then ossifies, except for the anterior portion which remains as the _____ cartilage
8th week
costal cartilage
the sternum starts as paired ____ ____ in the __th week of development. It fuses midline
somatic mesoderm
5th
infantile idiopathic scoliosis occurs in children __yo
<3yo
what is treatment for infantile idiopathic scoliosis if mild? Bracing and exercise is recommended at __-__ degrees. __ degrees is a surgical referral
mild - may resolve on its own
25-40 = bracing and exercise
>40 = surgical referral
what are the anomalies of infantile idiopathic scoliosis?
VACTERL syndrome =
- Vertebral anomalies
- Anal atresia
- Cardiac defects
- Tracheo-esophageal fistula
- Renal anomalies
- Limb defects
What is a hemivertebra?
failure of formation, segmentation or both. Half of the somite forms resulting in congenital scoliosis
what are the different types and locations of hemivertbra?
lateral, dorsal or ventral (rare)
fully segmented, semi-segmented, non-segmented, incarcerated
When is hemivertbra diagnosed?
can be first few days of life to 25 years (average is 6yo)
What is the treatment for hemivertbra?
if neurological deficits, consider MRI (tethered cord, syrinx, chiari, diastematomyelia)
bracing (not the best)
surgery (difficult)
What is butterfly vertebra?
failure of fusion of the lateral halves of the vertebral body
persistent notochordal tissue between them
What is the radiographic appearance of butterfly vertebra?
- interpedicle diastisis
- bodies above and below have altered shape
- may have bony bridging
can be mistaken for burst fracture
