M1.3 — CNS Flashcards by Rhèa Marie

which cranial nerves have nuclei in the brainstem?

3-12

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which cranial nerve has the largest nuclei in the brainstem?

trigeminal
3 branches = ophthalmic (sensation of eyes and face), maxillary (cheek) mandibular (jaw, chewing)

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what are the cranial nerves? what do they do?

Oh oh oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, AH

I. Olfactory - smell
II. Optic - vision
III. Oculomotor - eye rotation out and down, up, in
IV . Tochlear - eye rotation in and down
V. Trigeminal - face sensation and blink
VI. Abducens - eye abduction
VII. Facial - expressions
VIII. Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
IX. Glossopharyngeal - bitterness last 3rd of tongue
X. Vegas - brain to gut
XI. Accessory - shrugg shoulder
XII. Hypoglossal - tongue movement

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What are the different lobes of the brain? What’s their function?

Frontal - higher cognitive function
Temporal - language, auditory, memory
Parietal - somatosensory
Occipital - vision

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What are embryological homologous?

areas related because they developed from the same place

Ex: Pons and Cerebellum are related because they develop from the Metencephalon and they’re related to the medulla because they all came from the Rhombencephalon

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What are the primary brain vesicles?

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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What are the secondary brain vesicles? What do they become

Tel Di Mes Met My

Telencephalon - cerebrum
Diencephalon - eye cup and thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Mesencephalon - midbrain

Metencephalon - Pons, Cerebellum
Myelencephalon - Medulla

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what is Hebb’s law?

neurons that fire together, wire together

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What is the Embryonic period? How is it divided?

First 8 weeks of development - divided into 23 Carnegie stages

first 4 weeks are period of blastogenesis
5th through 8th weeks are period of organogenesis

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What is the Fetal period? How is it divided?

from 9th weeks until birth
- early fetal = week 9-13
- fetal = 15-23
- preterm = 23-36
- near-term = 36-41

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What is Carnegie stages 1-5?

Days 1-12
from fertilization to implantation

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what is Carnegie stage 6-8?

day 17
gastrulation
elongation of embryonic disc
primitive streak and node appears
prechordal plate appears
day 19
notochordal process visible
hematopoiesis begins
day 23
primitive pit appears
notochordal is detectable

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What is Carnegie stage 9?

neural groove becomes deeper and longer
somites arise on either side of neural groove
neural folds are visible
mesenchymal flexure appears (first subdivision of the brain)

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What is Carnegie stage 10-11?

10
- neural folds begin to fuse
- optic pit develops
- optic primordial begins
- cardiac loop appears
11
- the rostral opening, known as the anterior neuropore, closes (about 24 days)
- optic vesicles develop
- pia mater appears as neural crest cells
- internal carotids begin development

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What is Carnegie stage 12?

day 30
- secondary neurulation starts
- caudal neuropore closes (if not, spina bifida)
- 4 pharyngeal arches are visible
- upper limb bud appear

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What is Carnegie stage 13-14?

Day 32
- retinal and lens disc develop; origins of cerebellum
day 33
- origin of cerebral hemispheres, pontine flexure, adenohypophysial pouch
- spinal cord development begins and continues through first 4 postnatal months

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What is Carnegie stage 15-19?

day 36
- future cerebral hemispheres become more defined
- pia mater creates zone between neural tube and vertebra
day 38
- epiphysis cerebra develop
- neuro-hypophysial evagination
- olfactory tubercle present
- foot plate present
- basilar and vertebral arteries develop
Day 41
- cerebellar swellings present
-finger rays and chondrification in some long bones and vertebra
Day 44
- elbow, toe rays, semicircular ducts in inner ear
-Choroid Plexus appears in fourth ventricle
day 46
- Olfactory bulb develops, choroid plexus in lateral ventricle, trunk elongates

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What is Carnegie stage 20-23?

Day 49
- arms lengthen and elbows bend
- optic fibers each optic chiasm
Day 51
- cortical plate becomes visible optic tract and lateral geniculate body, fingers lengthen, and feet extend
Day 53
- Eyelids and external ear develop more, olfactory tract, internal capsule
Day 56
- head under, limbs longer, insula indented
- components of basal ganglia become more recognizable
- Dura mater completely lines the vertebral canal

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When is early fetal phase? what are characteristics of the fetus?

weeks 9-13

eyes close
head large
ears are low
intestine move from umbilical cord to abdomen
neck becomes prominent

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What primitive reflexes start in early fetal phase?

ATNR
Moro
Palmer/grasp

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What is ATNR? When does it develop and integrate?

Arm and leg extend o nt he side of head rotation while the opposite arm and leg flex
- aids in birthing process by twisting body
- generates crossed body proprioception

develops week 12 after conception, integrates by 6 months

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What are signs that ATNR is not properly developed or integrated?

Study These Flashcards

clumsiness
gait issues
drops things
persistent grasp

could be integrated only on one side causing unilateral issues

What is Moro response? When does it develop and integrate?

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quick head extension, inhalation and arm extension (can be followed by crying)
- for protection and development of lungs

develops 12-13th week post conception, integrated by 4 months

What are signs that Moro is not properly developed or integrated?

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hypersensitivity, anxiety, increased sympathetic nervous system activity (Fight or Flight)

perpetuates the spinal galant

What is grasping/palmer response? When does it develop and integrate?

stroking the palm of the hand causes finger/hand flexion - bonds mother with baby (oxytocin in mom) - provides tactile feedback - develops hand-eye coordination develops 12 weeks post conception, integrates 9-12 months

What are signs that grasping/palmer is not properly developed or integrated?

poor penmanship difficult holding large objects

When is fetal phase? what are characteristics of the fetus?

weeks 15-23 Thalamo-cortical axons accumulate spinal cord development (descending pathways form first) eye face forward ears move to final position external ears stand out from head head is erect mother able to feel movements

what primitive reflexes occur in fetal phase?

Spinal Galant Rooting

What is spinal galant? when does it develop and integrate?

scrape on one side of the spine and the paraspinal musculature contract causing truncated lateral flexion - helps with evacuating the birth canal - aids in vestibulospinal tract integration develops 20 weeks after conception, integrates 3-9 months

What are signs that Spinal galant is did not properly develop or integrate?

fidgetiness, especially in chairs scoliosis bed wetting low back pain pelvic torsion

What is rooting reflex? when does it develop and integrate?

stroking the cheek causes lip movement - can cause sucking movement of mouth and/or head rotation toward stimulus - aids in breastfeeding develops 20 weeks post conception, integrates 6-9 months

what are signs that rooting response did not properly develop or integrate?

ticklish around mouth thumb sucking oral fixations may have difficulty latching if not developed

When is the preterm phase? what are characteristics?

weeks 24-36 - viability reached - eyes open - skins turn from wrinkled and translucent into pink and smooth - firm grasp develops - gyri and sulci in cerebrum present - vulnerable yet present periventricular axonal crossroads and poorly myelinated tracts

When is the near-term phase? what are characteristics?

weeks 36 until birth gradual disappearance of transient fetal zones perinatal period through after birth = - myelination - cortical organization - synaptogenesis ai

what are the affects of treated (with SSRI/SNRI) depression in mothers?

- premature birth - decreased body weight of the child - IUGR - neonatal adaptive syndrome - persistent pulmonary hypertension

what are the affects of untreated depression in mothers?

- preeclampsia - eclampsia - postnatal depression - disruption of the mother-child relationship

what are other non-pharmacological treatments for depression?

- transient magnetic stimulation - neurofeedback - fisher wallace device and other transcranial electrical stimulation devices physical exercise with emphasis on cardio

paternal preconception stress, diet and exposure to environmental toxicants are associates with offspring with

- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction - birth defects - childhood cancers - growth - obesity - cardiometabolic risk markers

high inflammation in mother causes larger ______ in baby which means what?

amygdala higher rates of anxiety and other issues, decreased impulse control in toddlers

sleep deprivation in mother increases inflammation which can lead to what

increased risk for preterm birth

paternal preconception marijuana use >1/week increases risk for what

spontaneous abortion

Paternal alcohol consumption is linked to offspring with

- sensorimotor integration deficits - less coordination - decreased balance - short-term motor learning challenges

what are failures of the cranial neuropore to close in the first 56 days (8 weeks) of pregnancy?

- meningocele of cranium - encephalocele - anencephaly *prevent with folic acid

what are failures of the caudal neuropore to close in the first 56 days (8 weeks) of pregnancy?

- spina bifida occulta - meningocele of spine - myelomeningocele - rachischisis *prevent with folic acid

What is periventricular leukomalacia? what does it caused

brain injury that occurs when white matter around the brains fluid filled ventricles dies or softens. Usually in preterm infants born <32 weeks or infants under 4 lbs. Related to inflammation and infections pre or post-natal More often motor challenges than cognitive challenges. Higher rate of cerebral palsy

what are 4 social-emotional milestones for a 2 month old?

- calms down when spoken to or picked up - looks at your face - seems happy to see you when you walk up to her - smiles when you talk to or smile at her

what are 3 motor milestones for a 2 month old?

- holds head up when on tummy - moves both arms and both legs - opens hands briefly

what are 3 social-emotional milestones for a 4 month old?

- smiles on his own to get your attention - chuckles (not yet a full laugh) when you try to make her laugh - looks at you, moves, or makes sounds to get or keep your attention

what are 5 motor milestones for a 4 month old?

- holds head steady without support when you are holding her - holds a tow when your put it in his hand - uses her arm to swing at toys - brings hands to mouth - pushes up onto elbow/forearms when on tummy

what are 3 social-emotional milestones for a 6 month old?

- knows familiar people - likes to look at himself in the mirror - laughs

what are 3 motor milestones for a 6 month old?

- rolls from tummy to back - pushes up with straight arms when on tummy - leans on hands to support himself when sitting

what are 5 social-emotional milestones for a 9 months old?

- is shy,clingy, or fearful around strangers - shows several facial expressions, like happy, sad, angry and surprised - looks when you call his name - reacts when you leave (looks, reaches for you, or cries) - smiles or laughs when you play peek-a-boo

what is a motor milestones for a 9 months old?

gets to a sitting position by herself

what is the proper order? primitive reflexes gross motor autonomic neurological reflexes fine motor cognition

cognition (on top) fine motor gross motor primitive reflexes neurological reflexes autonomics

M1.3 — CNS Flashcards

(54 cards)