M3: Week 13 - Schizophrenia

Question 1

IDENTIFICATION:
He introduced the term SCHIZOPHRENIA in 1911

Answer 1

Eugen Bleuler

Question 2

IDENTIFICATION:

Split between the emotional and
intellectual aspects of experience.

Answer 2

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Question 2

IDENTIFICATION:

Schizophrenia’s original term is __________ ___________, which is Latin for ‘premature mental deterioration’

Answer 2

dementia praecox

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE:

About 7 to 8 people per 1,000 will develop schizophrenia at some point in life.

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE:

Schizophrenia occurs more often in women than in men.

Answer 3

FALSE; it occurs more often in men

Question 4

IDENTIFICATION:

The first diagnosis of Schizophrenia usually occurs in
(1. ___________), and mild problems
usually begin in (2. ____________) including deficits in attention,
memory and impulse control.

Answer 4

1. Early Adulthood
2. Childhood

Question 5

ENUMERATION:
What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Answer 5

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized speech
• Disorganized behavior

Question 6

IDENTIFICATION:

behaviors that are present that
should be absent

Answer 6

Disorganized Behavior

Question 7

ENUMERATION:
What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Answer 7

Weak emotional expression,
speech, and socialization

Question 8

IDENTIFICATION:
Absent behaviors that should be present

Answer 8

Weak emotional expression,
speech, and socialization

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE:

Negative symptoms are generally stable over time and difficult to treat.

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

IDENTIFICATION: Conditions that resemble Schizophrenia

Abuse of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, or psychedelics an produce hallucinations or delusions.

Answer 10

Substance Abuse

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE:

Uncorrected Hearing Deficits is more likely than schizophrenia to produce visual hallucinations.

Answer 11

FALSE; it is Substance Abuse

Question 12

IDENTIFICATION: Conditions that resemble Schizophrenia

Damage or tumors in the temporal or prefrontal cortex can produce some of the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Answer 12

Brain Damage

Question 13

IDENTIFICATION: Conditions that resemble Schizophrenia

Someone with impaired hearing might think everyone else is whispering and worry, “They’re whispering about me!”

Answer 13

Uncorrected Hearing Deficits

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE:

Delusions of persecution can develop in Uncorrected Hearing Deficits

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 14

ENUMERATION:

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?

Answer 14

• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Disordered Thinking
• Motor Symptoms

Question 15

IDENTIFICATION:

Uncommon type of schizophrenia which includes motor abnormalities

Answer 15

Catatonic Schizophrenia

Question 16

TRUE OR FALSE:

A mixture of psychological and motor symptoms could represent either schizophrenia or Huntington’s disease.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

IDENTIFICATION:

can produce hallucinations and delusions

Answer 17

Niacin Deficiency

Question 18

IDENTIFICATION:

________ symptoms can also arise from allergies to gluten or milk proteins, or from pathogens that irritate the digestive tract

Answer 18

Schizophrenic Symptoms

Question 19

IDENTIFICATION:

controls differentiation and migration of neurons in brain development, production of dendritic spines, the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus, and learning.

Answer 19

DISCI (disrupted in schizophrenia
1)

Question 20

IDENTIFICATION:

the loss of a small
part of a chromosome

Answer 20

Microdeletion

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE:

Thousands of genetic loci are
found for schizophrenia.

Answer 21

FALSE; it’s hundreds of genetic loci

Question 22

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Monozygotic twins have a **higher concordance (agreement)** for schizophrenia than do dizygotic twins.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

**IDENTIFICATION:** A few rare genes are known to greatly increase the risk of schizophrenia, mostly by disrupting the __________ __ __________ _____ or by interfering with the immune system.

Answer 23

development of GLUTAMATE synapses

Question 24

**IDENTIFICATION:** **prenatal or neonatal difficulties—of either genetic or environmental origin** — can produce abnormalities in the developing brain that predispose to schizophrenia (Weinberger, 1996).

Answer 24

Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

Question 25

**IDENTIFICATION:** The ___________ _________ _____, an area **often impaired in schizophrenia,** is one of the **slowest brain areas to mature.**

Answer 25

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 26

**TRUE OR FALSE:** the effects of brain damage were **minimal at age 2 year** because the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex doesn’t do much at that age anyway.

Answer 26

**FALSE;** it is minimal at **age 1 year**

Question 27

**IDENTIFICATION:** Impairment and later symptoms are the _____ ____ ___________

Answer 27

two-hit hypothesis

Question 28

**IDENTIFICATION:** It is the **result of a combination of a genetic predisposition and impacts from the environment in prenatal/neonatal development,** later in life, or both (Bayer et al., 1999).

Answer 28

Schizophrenia

Question 29

**IDENTIFICATION:** the tendency for people born in winter to have a slightly increased probability of developing schizophrenia.

Answer 29

season-of-birth effect

Question 30

**TRUE OR FALSE:** In season-of-birth effect, the tendency is more pronounced in latitudes **far from the equator**

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

**IDENTIFICATION:** A _________ _______ ________ can also **activate microglia** that **impair mitochondria and synapse formation.** (Park et al., 2020).

Answer 31

prenatal immune reaction

Question 32

**IDENTIFICATION:** This parasite **reproduces only in cats,** but people can be exposed to it by handling infected cats, by playing in soil or sand where cats have defecated, or by eating chicken or pork after those animals were fed in infected soil.

Answer 32

Toxoplasma Gondii

Question 33

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Traumatic experiences early in life **impair the ability** of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce its usual negative feedback relationship.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

**IDENTIFICATION:** It is a **fluid-filled with spaces** within the brain

Answer 34

Enlarged Ventricles

Question 35

**IDENTIFICATION:** **relieves the positive symptoms** of schizophrenia for most patients.

Answer 35

**chlorpromazine** (trade name Thorazine)

Question 36

**IDENTIFICATION:** Other antipsychotic, or neuroleptic, drugs occur in **two chemical families.** What are they?

Answer 36

* phenothiazines * butyrophenones

Question 37

**TRUE OR FALSE: Antipsychotic Drugs** About **50 percent of patients** can stop taking the drugs after the first episode without a return of symptoms.

Answer 37

**FALSE;** about **20 percent** of patients

Question 38

**IDENTIFICATION:** Each of these drugs blocks dopamine synapses, specifically _________

Answer 38

type D2 receptors.

Question 38

**IDENTIFICATION: Newer Antipsychotic Drugs** Newer Antipsychotic Drugs also block dopamine neurons in the __________ ________ that project to the basal ganglia,

Answer 38

mesostriatal system

Question 38

**IDENTIFICATION: Newer Antipsychotic Drugs** Drugs that block dopamine synapses produce their benefits by acting on neurons in the ____________ _______

Answer 38

mesolimbocortical system

Question 38

**IDENTIFICATION:** It is characterized by **tremors** and other **involuntary movements**

Answer 38

Tardive Dyskinesia

Question 39

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Once tardive dyskinesia emerges, it persists long after antipsychotics, or atypiter someone quits the drug (Kiriakakis et al., 1998).

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

**IDENTIFICATION:** It relieve schizophrenic symptoms with less risk of movement problems.

Answer 40

Second-Generation Antipsychotics

Question 41

**IDENTIFICATION:** What are the most common drugs in second-generation antipsychotics?

Answer 41

* Clozapine * Risperidone

Question 42

**IDENTIFICATION:** They act mainly at **dopamine type 2 receptors,** avoid both the movement problems and the weight gain.

Answer 42

Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs

Question 43

**TRUE OR FALSE:** **First-Generation Drugs** somewhat help with the negative and cognitive symptoms.

Answer 43

**FALSE;** it is **Second-Generation Drugs**

Question 44

**TRUE OR FALSE:** The increased glutamate can also increase dopamine release, which is responsible for the **negative symptoms**

Answer 44

**FALSE;** it is responsible for the **positive symptoms**

Question 45

**IDENTIFICATION: Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia** A **tendency toward schizophrenia begins** with __________ __________ ___ ______ _____ in the hippocampus, caused by a combination of genetic and environmental forces.

Answer 45

Reduced Activity of NMDA Receptors

Question 45

**IDENTIFICATION:** This hypothesis states that schizophrenia results at least in part from a **dysfunction of glutamate transmission**

Answer 45

Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Question 46

**TRUE OR FALSE** Excessive Glutamate release can **overstimulate neurons** and thereby kill them.

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Many studies report that living in a **crowded city** correlates with schizophrenia

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

**TRUE OR FALSE:** The incidence of schizophrenia is also elevated among people who immigrate from one country to another

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 48

**IDENTIFICATION:** This hypothesis states that schizophrenia results from **excess activity at dopamine synapses** in certain brain areas.

Answer 48

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Question 48

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Abuse of amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine (which all increase dopamine at the synapses) **can induce** substance- induced psychotic disorder, characterized by hallucinations, and delusions.

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 48

**TRUE OR FALSE: Brain Abnormalities** People with schizophrenia has an **impaired prefrontal cortex**

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

**TRUE OR FALSE: Brain Abnormalities** several connections among the brain areas are **weaker than average**

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

**ENUMERATION:** What are the **brain scan characteristics** of people with schizophrenia?

Answer 50

* Less than average gray matter in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and other areas. * White Matter Reduction * Enlarged Ventricles * Impaired Prefrontal Cortex

Question 50

**TRUE OR FALSE: Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia** Speech becomes **clear** when perform memory tasks.

Answer 50

**FALSE;** it becomes **less clear**

Question 50

**TRUE OR FALSE: Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia** Impairments of attention and working memory

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 50

**TRUE OR FALSE: Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia** **Deficits in pursuit eye movements** — the ability to keep the eyes on a moving target

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 51

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse during childhood increases the risk and the probable severity of later schizophrenia.

Answer 51

TRUE