Week 2

Question 1

found a way to stain nerve cells with silver salts

Answer 1

Camillo Golgi

Question 2

enabled the researchers to examine the structure of a single cell

Answer 2

Camillo Golgi

Question 3

he concluded that the fibers of the brain all link together and that the brain is like a mesh without separate cells

Answer 3

Camillo Golgi

Question 4

Pioneer of Neuroscience

Answer 4

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 5

concluded that the brain consists of individual cells

Answer 5

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 6

concluded that nerve cells remain separate instead of merging into one another; a small gap separates the tip of the neuron’s fiber from the surface of the next neuron

Answer 6

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 7

contains the chromosomes

Answer 7

nucleus

Question 8

a chemical that forms the chromosomes

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

synthesize new protein molecules

Answer 9

ribosomes

Question 10

a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations; RIBOSOMES attach to this

Answer 10

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

performs metabolic activities, providing energy that the cell uses for activities

Answer 11

mitochondrion/ mitochondria

Question 12

they have their genes, separate from those in the nucleus of a cell

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

inherited in the cytoplasm of the egg cell; therefore, inherited from biological mother

Answer 13

mitochondria

Question 14

brain activity requires energy and is therefore dependent on ________ ________ ________

Answer 14

good mitochondrial functioning

Question 15

decreased mitochondrial function means what?

Answer 15

• decreased mental energy
• high probability of depression

Question 16

impairments of mitochondria are linked to?:

Answer 16

• increased severity of epilepsy
• Alzheimer’s
• Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases

Question 17

convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands; vary enormously in size, shape, and functions

Answer 17

neurons

Question 18

generally smaller than neurons; have many functions but they do not convey information over great distances

Answer 18

the glia

Question 19

the adult human brain contains approximately ___ _______ neurons on average

Answer 19

86 billion

Question 20

receives excitation through its dendrites and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle

Answer 20

motor neuron

Question 21

specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation, such as touch

Answer 21

sensory neuron

Question 22

branching fibers that get narrower near their ends

Answer 22

dendrites

Question 23

where dendrites receive information from other neurons

Answer 23

specialized synaptic receptors

Question 24

short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapse

Answer 24

dendritic spines

Question 25

contains the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria; covered with synapses

Answer 25

cell body or soma (plural: somata)

Question 26

thin fiber of constant diameter

Answer 26

axon

Question 27

conveys impulse to other neurons, an organ or a muscle

Answer 27

axon

Question 28

releases chemicals that cross to another cell

Answer 28

axon

Question 29

insulating material that covers the axon

Answer 29

myelin sheath

Question 30

TRUE OR FALSE: a neuron can have many axons but only one dendrite which may have branches.

Answer 30

FALSE. a neuron can have *many dendrites* but *only one axon* which may have branches.

Question 31

the end swelling in dendrites

Answer 31

presynaptic terminal (end bulb or bouton)

Question 32

brings information into a structure

Answer 32

afferent axon

Question 33

carries information away from a structure

Answer 33

efferent axon

Question 34

every _________ _________ is an *afferent* to the nervous system

Answer 34

sensory neuron

Question 35

every _________ _________ is an *efferent* from the nervous system

Answer 35

motor neuron

Question 36

if a cell's dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a single structure

Answer 36

interneuron or intrinsic neuron

Question 37

greek word meaning "glue"

Answer 37

glia

Question 38

enhance and modify the activity of neurons in many ways

Answer 38

glia (neuroglia)

Question 39

star-shaped wrap around the dendrites connecting to functionally related axons

Answer 39

astrocytes

Question 40

shields dendrites from chemicals circulating in the surround

Answer 40

astrocytes

Question 41

helps synchronize closely related neurons, enabling their axons to send messages in waves

Answer 41

astrocytes

Question 42

important for generating rhythms of breathing

Answer 42

astrocytes

Question 43

tiny cells act as part of the immune system, removing viruses and fungi from the brain. it proliferates after brain damage

Answer 43

microglia

Question 44

popular hypothesis where the tip of an axon released chemicals that cause the neighboring astrocyte to release its own chemicals, thus modifying the message to the next neuron

Answer 44

tripartite synapse

Question 45

in some brain areas astrocytes respond to hormones and thereby influence neurons

Answer 45

tripartite synapse

Question 46

astrocytes control critical period for modification of the visual cortex early in life

Answer 46

tripartite synapse

Question 47

the mechanisms that exclude most chemicals from the vertebrate brain

Answer 47

blood-brain barrier

Question 48

the brain cannot replace damaged neurons

Answer 48

blood-brain barrier

Question 49

vertebrate brain cells depend almost entirely on ________

Answer 49

glucose

Question 50

to use glucose, the body needs ___________ and ___________

Answer 50

vitamin B1, thiamine

Question 51

deficiency in ___________ are common in chronic alcoholism, leads to death of neurons

Answer 51

thiamine

Question 52

a condition marked by memory impairments which a deficiency in thiamine leads to

Answer 52

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Question 53

cells that influence behavior that are not genetically implanted in the body that influence brain activity

Answer 53

the gut bacteria

Question 54

"guests" that include many species that vary from person to person

Answer 54

gut bacteria

Question 55

gut bacteria stimulates the ______ ________ that runs from the intestines to the brain

Answer 55

vagus nerve

Question 56

gut bacteria release chemicals that cross the lining of the intestines and enter the blood. chemicals include _________ and ______ ________.

Answer 56

vitamins and amino acids

Question 57

TRUE OR FALSE: the amount and type of chemicals that bacteria release affect mood and motivation (motivation for food, sex, socialization, and abused drugs).

Answer 57

TRUE.

Question 58

increases the type of bacteria that cause inflammation and mitochondrial damage

Answer 58

stress

Question 59

people with this condition tend to have more of bacteria as well as less of the bacteria with anti-inflammatory effects

Answer 59

people with depression

Question 60

TRUE OR FALSE: some antidepressant drugs attack bacteria.

Answer 60

TRUE.

Question 61

TRUE OR FALSE: removing too many of intestinal bacteria causes a decrease in anxiety and depression.

Answer 61

FALSE. it causes an *increase*.

Question 62

side effects of antibiotics often include ___________ and __________

Answer 62

depression and anxiety

Question 63

diet supplements that contain "good" bacteria; some authorities recommend them as part of the treatment program for depression

Answer 63

probiotics