M6: Cell Cycle

Question 1

is a repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

cell cycle

Question 2

usually divides and self reproduce through binary fission

Answer 2

prokaryotic cells

Question 3

what are the 3 major phases of the cell cycle

Answer 3

G0
M-Phase
interphase

Question 4

for cell growth
- by the end of __________ a cell has two full sets of DNA (chromosomes) and is large enough to beign the dvision process

Answer 4

interphase

Question 5

after interphase 23 pairs of chromosomes would become

Answer 5

46 pairs

Question 6

interphase is divided into 3

G___1 (G1)
__ phase
____ __ (G2)

Answer 6

Gap 1 (G1)
s phase
gap 2

Question 7

interphase part wherein cells grows and carry out normal functions and replicate their organelles
- longest phase
- for growth

Answer 7

gap1(g1)

Question 8

second phase in the interphase

Answer 8

synthesis (S)

Question 9

where dna synthesis happens

Answer 9

synthesis (S)

Question 10

• last stage of interphase
• it is for additional growth
  -prepares the cell for the next phase
• adds size

Answer 10

Gap 2 (G2)

Question 11

what is the m-phase

Answer 11

mitosis

Question 12

for cell division: making two cells out of one cell

Answer 12

mitosis

Question 13

phases of mitosis

P__________–
M_____________-
A_______________
T__________-

Answer 13

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 14

originallly part of the telophase

Answer 14

cytokinesis

Question 15

gap zero phase

Answer 15

G0

Question 16

also known as quiescence state or Resting phase

Answer 16

G0

Question 17

a cell in ___ phase can either stay there (not grow or divide anymore) or continue its progress and leave (senescent state)

Answer 17

G0

Question 18

cell cycle can be divided into 2

a_____ phase
G_____ phase

Answer 18

action phase
gap phase

Question 19

phase where s_phase (dna replication) and m-phase (mitotic division) happens

Answer 19

action phase

Question 20

Where G0 (resting). G1 (Growth), G2 (Growth) is

Answer 20

gap phase

Question 21

DNA Synthesis

dna/double helix > H______- > Nucleosome > C____ > Superc____ > C_________

Answer 21

dna/double helix > histones - > Nucleosome > coils > supercoils > chromosome

Question 22

single dna strand

Answer 22

chromatid

Question 23

cells that don’t divide anymore

Answer 23

neurons or nerve cells

Question 24

After replication, chromatid becomes ________ ______ and looks like an x composed of ______ chromatids

Answer 24

Homologous chromosomes, sister

Question 25

There are 4 distinct events that happen in ________ 1. Further condensing of the dna 2. The nuclear envelope strts to disappear 3. Centrioles would move towards the opposite side 4. Spindle fibers start to appear

Answer 25

Prophase

Question 26

The shortest part of mitosis

Answer 26

Metaphase

Question 27

There are only two things that happen during ________ 1. Chromosomes allign each other in the center 2. Spindle fibers attach th centromere of eachs ister chromatids to the poles of the cell

Answer 27

Metaphase

Question 28

Mitosis (m-phase) is only ___% of the cell cycle

Answer 28

20

Question 29

Is the division of cytoplasm into two individual cells

Answer 29

Cytokinesis

Question 30

when does a cell know when it needs to divide

Answer 30

when it reaches its maximum size

Question 31

also known as senescent state

Answer 31

g0

Question 32

middle of the chromatids

Answer 32

centromere

Question 33

where the spindle fiber attaches - attaches the sister chromatids

Answer 33

centromere

Question 34

there are 3 distinct events in this phase 1. centromeres that join the sister chromatids split 2. sister chromatid sepreate becoming individual chromosomes 3. seperated chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell

Answer 34

anaphase

Question 35

the last pahse of mitosis consists of four events: 1. chromosomes (each consisting of a single chromatid) uncoil. 2. a nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole of the cell 3. spindle fibers break down and dissolve 4. cytokinesis begins

Answer 35

telophase

Question 36

tehprocess of cytokinesis differs somewhat in plant and animal cells 1. animal cells - c______ f______ 2. plant cells - c____ p_______

Answer 36

1. animal cells - cleavage furrow 2. plant cells - cell plate

Question 37

m_____ and c_______ produce two genetically identical daughter cells

Answer 37

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 38

rate of cell division is different in all cells cell type - approximate lifespan skin cell - ______ red blood cell - _______ liver cell - ________ intestine-internal lining -___________ intestine-muscles and other tissues - ___________

Answer 38

skin cell - 2 weeks red blood cell - 4 months liver cell - 300-500 days intestine-internal lining -4-5 days intestine-muscles and other tissues - 16 years

Question 39

stops the cycle if it needs to be stopped

Answer 39

cell cycle control points

Question 40

3 cell cycle control points 1. end of ___ 2. end of ___, before mitosis 3. _______ of m phase

Answer 40

1. end of G1 2. end of G2, before mitosis 3. metaphase of m phase

Question 41

prevent mutant cells from replicating or prevent cancer

Answer 41

cell cycle control points

Question 42

detect DNA damage

Answer 42

cell cycle control points

Question 43

if the dna is damaged the cell cycle control points will: 1. r_____, if not > 2. it will undergo a_______

Answer 43

1. repair, if not > 2. it will undergo apoptosis

Question 44

it is cell death or cell suicide

Answer 44

apoptosis

Question 45

G1 (cell growth) for cell growth to happen c____ must bind with c____ d_________ K________ (___)

Answer 45

cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)

Question 46

cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) =

Answer 46

gene transcription

Question 47

start of the production of protein

Answer 47

gene transcription

Question 48

gene t___________- > t__________ > p_________

Answer 48

gene transcription > translation > protein

Question 49

if of cyclins + cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) happens or bonds, the cell will 1. increase in s____ 2. increase e____ and p_______ production 3. formation of o_________ (cell growth)

Answer 49

1. increase in size 2. increase energy and protein production 3. formation of organelles (cell growth)

Question 50

Gap 1 - checkpoints is found in the _____ phase of gap 1

Answer 50

end phase of gap 1

Question 51

also known as restriction checkpoints

Answer 51

gap 1 checkpoint

Question 52

stops cell division

Answer 52

gap 1 checkpoint or restriction checkpoint

Question 53

Gap 1 checkpoint will stop cell division because of p______ p_______ (t___________ receptors)

Answer 53

pocket proteins (transcriptional repressors)

Question 54

what are the important pocket proteins (transcriptional repressors) in Gap 1- checkpoint

Answer 54

Rb and p53

Question 55

what is the transcription factor in gap 1 - checkpoint

Answer 55

E2F

Question 56

- they allow transcription to happen - responsible for gene transcription to start

Answer 56

transcription factor

Question 57

2 ways to stop the progression of G1 to S phase 1. ___ will bind to ___, which will stop gene transcription, progress of g1 to s phase, and cell division 2. ____ will stimulate ____ which will inhibit (stop) ____ which will stimulate ___ that will bind to ____

Answer 57

1. Rb will bind to E2F, which will stop gene transcription, progress of g1 to s phase, and cell division 2. p53 will stimulate p21which will inhibit (stop) CDK which will stimulate Rb that will bind to E2F

Question 58

found in the end phase of gap 2

Answer 58

gap 2 - checkpoint

Question 59

a checkpoint that also stops cell division

Answer 59

gap 2 - checkpoint

Question 60

pocket protein repressors present in the cell and active in gap 2 which will stop the progress of g2 to m phase 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ____

Answer 60

p53 ATM chk1 chk2

Question 61

how progression of g2 to m phase is stop ___ plus ___ will stimulate ____ and ____

Answer 61

p53 plus ATM will stimulate chk1 and chk2

Question 62

the last checkpoint

Answer 62

metaphase checkpoint

Question 63

also known as spindle checkpoint

Answer 63

metaphase checkpoint

Question 64

does not stop cell division but delays the progression of metaphase to anaphase

Answer 64

metaphase checkpoint

Question 65

progression of metaphase to anaphase is delayed when: 1. the _______ are not ____ in the ________ 2. if the _______ ______ is not properly attached to the _________

Answer 65

1. the chromosomes are not aligned in the center 2. if the spindle fiber is not properly attached to the centromere

Question 66

the progression from metaphase to anaphase is because of A__________ promoting c______ (___)

Answer 66

anaphase promoting complex (APC)

Question 67

- this is a protein sensor - it senses that the chromosomes and spindle fibers are already in its proper places

Answer 67

anaphase promoting complex (APC)

Question 68

metaphase would proceed to anaphase by the process of: 1. U_________ 2. P_________

Answer 68

Ubiquitination proteolysis

Question 69

anaphase promoting complex (APC) will: degrade s_____ > which will stimulate s_________ > which will cut the c_____ > which will separate the c________

Answer 69

degrade securin > which will stimulate separase > which will cut the cohesin > which will separate the chromatids

Question 70

is a protein that secures the chromosomes, make sure that they are in the middle, the centromeres are properly attached in the middle and the chromosomes are properly attached together

Answer 70

securin

Question 71

they separate the centromere

Answer 71

separase

Question 72

attaches the sister chromatids together

Answer 72

cohesin