Macbeth - kingship

Question 1

1st paragraph - Duncan

Answer 1

King Duncan is portrayed as a kind and generous ruler, but also somewhat naïve. He rewards loyalty and praises Macbeth as a “valiant cousin,” yet fails to see Macbeth’s hidden ambition. His trust in others—first the original Thane of Cawdor, then Macbeth—leads to his downfall. Duncan’s statement, “There’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face,” reflects his inability to judge character, a dangerous flaw in a king. Shakespeare uses Duncan’s ignorance to show that kindness alone is not enough for effective kingship—wisdom and caution are also essential.

Question 2

2nd paragraph - Macbeth

Answer 2

In contrast, Macbeth represents a corrupt and tyrannical king. After murdering Duncan, Macbeth’s rule is marked by paranoia and brutality - why do you dress me in borrowed robes? He has Banquo killed and orders the slaughter of Macduff’s family, showing how he uses fear to control others. Shakespeare calls Macbeth a “tyrant,” and his rule is linked to unnatural disorder, symbolised through imagery like blood and darkness. Macbeth’s lack of legitimacy and moral integrity turns Scotland into a place of suffering. His downfall reflects Shakespeare’s belief that kings who gain power unlawfully cannot rule successfully.

Question 3

3rd paragraph - Malcolm

Answer 3

Finally, Malcolm is portrayed as the ideal king. When tested by Macduff, he shows intelligence and caution, pretending to have flaws to ensure Macduff is trustworthy. This shows his moral strength and wisdom—qualities Duncan lacked. After Macbeth’s death, Malcolm speaks of restoring order and invites everyone to see him crowned “by the grace of Grace,” linking his rule to divine right. Through Malcolm, Shakespeare presents a hopeful future and the restoration of natural order.

Question 4

Conclusion

Answer 4

In conclusion, Shakespeare presents kingship as a responsibility that requires more than power—it demands morality, wisdom, and rightful succession. Shakespeare warns of the dangers of unchecked ambition and shows that true kingship is rooted in justice and legitimacy.