macroparasites and helminths

Question 1

definition of macroparasites
-examples
-life cycle and why it’s effective in envading immune response

Answer 1

organisms that live on other organisms (host) and beenfits at hosts expense
large parasites that can be seen with the naked eye e.g. helminths, ticks, fleas
complex life cycles with multiple hosts helps them evade immune response

Question 2

examples of parasite helminths that affect humans
water borne infections

-guinea worm (little dragon)
-roundworm (reproduction type, four moult stages)

Answer 2

-almost all species infecting humans and animals are sexually reproducing. however roundworm species can alternate between sexual and parthenogenic reproduction.

-eggs to L1 - L2 - L3 - L4 to adult
females release larvae into water

Question 3

geohelminths
hematodes
(soil transmitted helminths)
the most common helminths infection

-ascaris lumbricoides (large roundworm)
-what does it affect
-intestinal parasite of who?
-highest prevenlence where?
-associated with what syndrome
-which antibody prevents
-drugs used

-hookworms (blood feeders in human gut)
-what animal can it be transmitted to
-two species humans have
1) necator americanus
2) ancylostoma duodenale

(treatment of both helmith infection)

Answer 3

ascaris lumbricoides
-infects the intestines
-king richard 111
-most common human helminth
-highest prevelnce in tropical regions with bad sanitation
-lofflers syndrome
-igE allergy response
-benzimadazoles

hookworm
-second most common helminth infection
-dogs

treatment
=chemotherapy

Question 4

filariasis (transmittible parasite)

two types of infection in humans =

1) lymphatic filariasis
-what parasite is infection caused by?
-symptoms
-importance of wolbachia bacteria
-three classes of people in endemic areas

2) river blindness (onchocerciasis)
-what is this infection spread by
-symptoms
-why does it differ to mosquito
-why is wolbachia bacteria contribute to this worm
-drug of river blindess

Answer 4

1) disease casued by chronic mosquito
-elephantidis
-wolbachia bacteria important for pathogenesis of infection
-1)microflaria positive= asymptomatic but active infection
2)chronic pathology= cleared infection
3)endemic normal= no or low level response

2) spread by black flies
-casues skin irritation
-lead to pernament blindness
-contributes to blindness and essential for worm survivial and fertility
-ivermectin

Question 5

One factor that may explain why the Zika virus outbreak in the Americas caused significantly more disease than previous outbreaks is:

Answer 5

the zika virus in this outbreak had a genetic mutation which increased the virulence

Question 6

different classes
1) nematodes
2) trematodes
3) cestoda

Answer 6

1) soil worms
2) liver and blood flukes
3) tapeworm in the inestines

Question 7

what does echinococcosis cause?

Answer 7

hydatid disease