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BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > Major Blood Group system > Flashcards

Major Blood Group system Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

Most important blood group system in transfusion practice

A

ABO blood group system

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2
Q

ABO frequency distribution for Whites

A

O-45%, A-40%, B-11%, AB-4%

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3
Q

ABO frequency distribution for Blacks

A

O-50%, A-26%, B-20%, AB-4%

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4
Q

ABO frequency distribution for Asians

A

O-40%, A-28%, B-27%, AB-5%

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5
Q

Landsteiner’s law regarding blood groups

A

Antigen on RBC determines the blood group, and the corresponding antibody is not found in the individual’s serum.

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6
Q

Meaning of ABO blood group system numbering 001 003

A

First three digits represent the blood group, last three digits represent the antigen expressed.

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7
Q

Antigens location in the blood

A

Surface of red blood cells

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8
Q

Antibodies location in the blood

A

In serum or plasma

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9
Q

ABO antibodies classification

A

Naturally occurring, predominantly IgM

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10
Q

Production initiation and peak age of ABO antibodies

A

Initiated at birth, detectable titers peak at 5-10 years

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11
Q

ABO antibodies in Type O

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB

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12
Q

ABO antibodies in Type A

A

Anti-B

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13
Q

ABO antibodies in Type B

A

Anti-A

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14
Q

ABO antibodies in Type AB

A

None

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15
Q

Most frequently performed tests in blood bank

A

Forward typing and Reverse typing

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16
Q

Forward typing process

A

Using known sources of commercial anti-A, anti-B to detect on individual’s RBCs

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17
Q

Reverse typing process

A

Detecting ABO in patient’s serum using known reagent red cell suspension

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18
Q

Reagents used in reverse typing

A

4-5% red cell suspension (Tomato red suspension)

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19
Q

Reverse typing exception

A

Not required in infants less than 4 months old

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20
Q

General rule for adding reagents in blood typing

A

Drop first clear solute, then add RBC to ensure both antibody and antigen are added

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21
Q

Type I precursor substance linkage

A

Terminal galactose attached to N-acetylglucosamine in a beta 1 → 3 linkage

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22
Q

Type II precursor substance linkage

A

Terminal galactose attached to N-acetylglucosamine in a beta 1 → 4 linkage

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23
Q

Gene controlling ABH antigens on RBC membrane

A

H gene

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24
Q

Gene indirectly controlling ABH antigens in secretions

A

SE gene

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25
Secretion test principle
Involves agglutination inhibition reaction
26
Secretion test patient sample
Saliva
27
Secretion test reagents
Reagent 1: Antisera; Reagent 2: Known cells
28
Alleles of the Se gene and their implications:
SeSe or Sese: Secretor; sese: Non-secretor
29
Unexpected reactions in ABO typing can occur due to
Extra positive reaction or weak/missing reaction in forward and reverse grouping
30
ABO discrepancy encountered resolution
Results must be recorded, but ABO type interpretation must be delayed until resolved
31
ABO discrepancy unresolved,
Transfuse group O blood
32
Primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn (HDFN) and hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR)
Rh blood group
33
Second most important phenotypically related to Rh blood group
LW
34
Landsteiner and Wiener discovered Rh antibody agglutination in
Guinea pigs, rabbits, and Rhesus macaque monkeys
35
Fisher Race Rh blood group system
DCE
36
Wiener Rh blood group system
Rh-Hr
37
Rosenfield Rh blood group system
Numerical
38
ISBT 004 001 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield
ISBT 004 001: D, Rh0, Rh1
39
ISBT 004 002 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield
ISBT 004 002: C, Rh', Rh2
40
ISBT 004 003 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield
ISBT 004 003: E, Rh'', Rh3
41
ISBT 004 004 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield
ISBT 004 004: c, hr', Rh4
42
ISBT 004 005 Fisher Race, Wiener, Rosenfield
ISBT 004 005: e, hr', Rh5
43
RhD gene
Codes for the presence and absence of D antigen
44
RHCE gene
Codes for the expression of CcEe antigens
45
RHAG gene
Codes for Rh-associated glycoprotein 6
46
Modified Wiener nomenclature for agglutinogens
Agglutinogen is described by a letter and symbol assigned based on factors present
47
R in Wiener nomenclature
Presence of D antigen
48
r in Wiener nomenclature
Absence of D antigen
49
1 or ' in Wiener nomenclature
C antigen
50
no 1 or no ' in Wiener nomenclature
c antigen
51
2 or '' in Wiener nomenclature
E antigen
52
no 2 or no '' in Wiener nomenclature
e antigen
53
Rz or Ry in Wiener nomenclature
When both C and E are present
54
R1 in Fisher Race nomenclature
DCe
55
r' in Fisher Race nomenclature
dCe or Ce
56
R0 in Fisher Race nomenclature
DCe
57
Rosenfield Nomenclature assigns a number to each antigen of the Rh system based on
The order of discovery or recognized relationship to the Rh system.
58
A minus sign preceding a number in Rosenfield Nomenclature indicates
The absence of the antigen.
59
If an antigen has not been phenotyped in Rosenfield Nomenclature, its number will
Not appear in the sequence.
60
Fisher-Race: Dce/DCe Rosenfield interpretation is
Rh: 1,2-3,4,5.
61
Fisher-Race - dCE/dCe Rosenfield interpretation is
Rh: -1,2,3,-4,5.
62
International Society of Blood Transfusion Committee's updated numeric terminology aims to
Establish a uniform nomenclature that is both eye- and machine-readable.
63
International Society of Blood Transfusion Committee adopted a six-digit number for each antigen to
Ensure consistency with the genetic basis of blood groups.
64
RHD gene codes for the expression of
D antigen.
65
RHCE gene codes for the expression of
Cc, Ee antigens.
66
Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex Dce is
R0.
67
Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex DCe, Dce is
R1.
68
Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex DcE, DcE is
R2.
69
Shorthand nomenclature for Gene Complex DCE, DC is
Rz.
70
Rh negative phenotype for dce, dce is
r.
71
Rh negative phenotype for dCe, dCe is
r'.
72
Rh negative phenotype for dcE, dcE is
r''.
73
Rh negative phenotype for dCE, dCE is
ry.
74
Rh genetic molecular studies are located on
Chromosome 1.
75
The RHD gene codes for
D antigen.
76
The RHCE gene codes for
Cc, Ee antigens.
77
Rh antigens are characterized as
Nonglycosylated proteins in the red cell membrane.
78
The immunogenicity of common Rh antigens is ranked as
D > c > E > C > e.
79
The D antigen is considered
The most immunogenic of Rh antigens and the basis for the descriptive terms 'Rh positive' and 'Rh negative.'
80
Amino acid position 103 in Rh is important for determining
C or c.
81
Amino acid position 226 in Rh differentiates
E from e.
82
Some individuals appear as Rh negative due to
Weak expression of the D antigen.
83
Individuals with weak D may be technically
Rh positive despite appearing Rh negative during routine Rh typing.
84
Testing for weak D uses
Anti-human globulin (AHG) (Indirect Anti-globulin).
85
The procedure for weak D testing involves
Washing the tube with negative result from routine Rh typing three times with isotonic saline, then adding AHG reagent and checking for agglutination.
86
Positive agglutination in weak D testing indicates
The individual is weak D positive and is reported as Rh-positive.
87
Absence of agglutination in weak D testing indicates
The individual is confirmed Rh-negative.
88
For a recipient with weak D, the Rh status is
Rh negative.
89
For a donor with weak D, the Rh status is
Rh positive.
90
Categories of weak D antigen variations
Position effect, Quantitative, Partial-D antigen.
91
Position effect of weak D antigen
C antigen steric arrangement interferes with D antigen.
92
Quantitative variation of weak D antigen
Fewer D antigens expressed; complete but reduced.
93
D el variation in weak D antigen
Extremely low D antigen sites, undetectable by most anti-D.
94
Partial-D antigen (D mosaic)
Missing D antigen epitopes; alloantibody can form.
95
Partial-D antigen may cause
Alloantibody production if exposed to complete D antigen.
96
Rh antibodies reaction temperature
37°C
97
Rh antibodies characteristics
Immune, no complement binding, dosage effect
98
Rh antigen dosage
D: no dosage, homozygous
99
Rh clinical considerations
HTR, HDFN
100
Rh typing procedure
Slide test (45°C), Tube test (37°C)
101
No Rh antigens on RBC, life-saving blood, Genotype: r'' stomatocytes
Rh null
102
Severely reduced Rh antigen expression, Rh antigen expression reduced
Rh mod
103
Increased D antigen concentration, no C/c or E/e reactivity
D- exalted
104
Considered allele in C/c locus, rare Rh antigen
Cw
105
Compound antigen: c and e in cis position
f antigen
106
Compound antigen: C and e in cis position
Rh antigen
107
D+ and C+ individual, present in D and C positive individuals
G antigen

BLOODBANK/IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (22 decks)

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