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Psychology/Soc > Making Sense of the environment > Flashcards

Making Sense of the environment Flashcards

1
Q

habituation

A

repeated exposure to the same stimulus, decreases response

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2
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of response after habituation when second stimulus is presented. change in response to the old stimuli, not the new one

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

takes advantage of the biological, instinctual responses, to create associations between two unrelated stimuli. turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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4
Q

unconditioned stimulus and response

A

innat- we do it naturally (salivate when smelling bread) US- bread smell UR- salivate

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5
Q

neutral stimuli

A

does not products a reflexive response

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

A

normally neutral stimulus that now causes reflexive response (conditioned response)

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7
Q

extinction

A

organism gets habituated to the conditioned stimulus (bell with no meat)

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8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

if extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again

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9
Q

generalization

A

stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus, causes conditioned response (lil Albert and white rat)

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10
Q

discrimination

A

learns to distinguish between two similar similar

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11
Q

operant conditioning

A

links voluntary behaviors with consequences to alter frequency of behaviors

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12
Q

positive (op conditioning)

A

adding something

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13
Q

negative (op conditioning)

A

taking something away

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14
Q

punishment (op conditioning)

A

decreasing likelihood of behavior

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15
Q

reinforcement (op conditioning)

A

increasing likelihood of behavior

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16
Q

escape learning

A

reduce unpleasantness of something that already exists (taking medicine for a headache)

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17
Q

avoidance learning

A

prevent unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen by increasing behavior (neg reinforcement)

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18
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

specific number (every 3t times)

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19
Q

variable ratio

A

average number is relatively constant (every 2 times, then 8, then 4 then 6)

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20
Q

fixed interval

A

time- every 60 seconds..

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21
Q

variable interval

A

varying interval of time (every 60 sec, then 90 sec, then 30 sec)

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22
Q

what schedule works best for learning

A

Variable ratio- very rapid, very resistant

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23
Q

shaping

A

rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

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24
Q

latent learning

A

without reward

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25
instinctive drift
overcoming instinctive behaviors
26
automatic processing
gained without effort
27
controlled (effortful) processing
active memorization/learning
28
ways to encode information
visual, acoustic (way it sounds), semantic (meaningful context) STRONGEST- semantic, WEAKEST-visual
29
self-reference effect
put things into the context of your own life
30
maintenance rehearsal
repetition of piece of info to keep it in working memory
31
method of loci
associating a list with a route
32
peg-word
numbers with items that rhyme (one-sun)
33
sensory memory
iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory), lasts under 1 second. occipital lobe- visual, temporal lobe-auditory
34
short term memory
30 seconds without rehearsal, 7 +- rule- approximately 7 numbers, happens primarily in the hippocampus
35
working memory
hippocampus, manipulate the info (do math in our heads)
36
long term memory
limitless. primarily controlled by hippocampus but eventually move to the cerebral cortex
37
elaborative rehearsal
associating info to knowledge already stored in your longterm memory
38
two types of long term memory
implicit (non-declarative/procedural) and explicit (declarative)
39
implicit memory
unconscious, skills and conditioned responses, (procedural memory)
40
explicit memory
conscious memory. declarative memory -facts and events then broken down into episodic memory (events and experiences) vs. semantic memory (facts, concepts)
41
retrieval
recognition, relearning, recall, semantic network spreading activation, context effects, state-dependent memory, serial position effect (first and last things on a list)
42
Alzheimers
lost of acetylcholine neurons in the hippocampus, progressive dementia
43
retrograde amnesia
loss of previously formed memories
44
anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories
45
proactive interference
old info interfering with new learning (old pimples interfering with new skin)
46
retroactive interference
new information causing you to forget old information
47
misinformation effect
getting more info confuses you
48
source-monitoring error
remembering the details of an event but confuses the context under which those details were gained
49
information processing model
our brains are like a computer. 4 key components: 1. thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli 2. stimuli must be analyzed by the brain 3. decisions made in one situation can be modified or used to solve new situations 4. problem solving does not only depend on the persons cognitive level, but also complexity of the problem
50
Piagets States of Cog Development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational - continuous and sequential process
51
Schemas
a concept, behavior, or sequence of events. As you proceed through different stages, you learn how to place new information into the different schemata
52
adaptation (Piaget)
assimilation- classifying new info into existing schemata | accommodation- existing schema MODIFIED to fit new info
53
Sensorimotor Stage
ages: birth-2 years JAX Primary reactions- sucking thumb, secondary reactions- getting response from environment milestone that ends this stage: Object permanence- understanding that objects exist even when you don't see them representational thought begins-mental representations of objects and events
54
Preoperational Stage
age: 2-7 years old JAMIE symbolic thinking-make believe egocentrism- unable to imagine what other people feel centration- doesn't understand conservation
55
Concrete Operational Stage
age: 7-11 years old JARED | understand conservation, understand perspectives of others, logical thought (math)
56
Formal Operational Stage
age: 11+ ME AND MAMI | problem solve, think logically about abstract ideas and moral reasoning
57
types of problem solving
trial and error- least logical algorithm- formula deductive reasoning (top down)- general to specific inductive reasoning (bottom up) -specific to general
58
heuristics
rules of thumb availability heuristic- how likely something is representativeness heuristic- categorizing items
59
disconfirmation principle
evidence proved that solution does not work
60
confirmation bias
focus on information that fits your beliefs while ignoring information that goes against them- leads to overconfidence
61
belief perseverence
inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence against it
62
Multiple intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal
63
Stages of sleep
BAT-D B: beta- alert, mental concentration A: alpha- awake but relaxing T: theta- Stage 1- as you go deeper into sleep, sleep spindles and K complexes appear D: delta-stages 3 and 4, slow wave sleep- cognitive recovery, memory consolidation
64
NREM sleep
stages 1-4
65
REM sleep
inbetween NREM sleep- brain is awake but muscles are paralyzed, dreaming occurs, procedural memory consolidation
66
circadian rhythm
waking and sleeping schedule
67
hormones in sleep
melatonin- pineal gland, makes us sleepy | cortisol- adrenal cortex, makes us awake
68
activation synthesis theory of dreaming
dreams caused by random activation of neural circuits
69
problem solving dream theory
dreams solve problems while asleep
70
cognitive process dream theory
dreams are the sleeping counterpart of your stream of conscious
71
depressants
reduce nervous system activity, sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety. increases GABA activity. examples are alcohol and Barbiturates
72
alcohol
increases GABA activity and dopamine levels
73
Stimulants
arousal in nervous system- examples, amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy
74
amphetamines/cocaine
increase release (decrease reuptake) of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. reduction in appetite and sleep, anxiety, paranoia, euphoria
75
ecstasy
hallucinogen combined with an amphetamine
76
opiates and opioids
cause decreased reactions to pain and sense of euphoria | examples: morphine, codeine, heroin
77
hallucigens
distortions of reality | examples: LSD, shrooms
78
drug addiction/reward pathway
nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and the medial forebrain bundle between them
79
selective attention
cocktail party phenomenon- we shift our attention when it is important to us
80
language
phonology- sound morphology- structure of words semantics- association of meanings with words syntax- words put together to form sentence pragmatics- depending on context and preexisting knowledge
81
timeline of language
``` 9-12 months: babbling 12-18 months: 1 word a month 18-20 months: combining words 2-3: longer sentences 5 years: language is mastered ```
82
Nativist Biological Theory of language
innate ability for language- Language acquisition device critical period- between 2 and puberty sensitive period- before puberty
83
Learning Behaviorist Theory of language
language by operant conditioning, repeat and reinforce sounds
84
Social Interactionist Theory of Language
driven by the child's desire to communicate and behave socially
85
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
language affects the way we think, not the other way around
86
Brocas aphasia
not able to produce sounds
87
Wernicks Aphasia
no speech comprehension
88
Conduction Aphasia
not able to repeat anything

Psychology/Soc (14 decks)

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