Malaria

Question 1

What is the most deadly disease in history?

Answer 1

Malaria

Question 2

What percent of the population is at risk?

Answer 2

40%

Question 3

how many cases in 2022

Answer 3

218-269 million

Question 4

most victims are

Answer 4

<5

Question 5

who are especially vulnerable

Answer 5

pregnant women

Question 6

how many deaths in saharan africa

Answer 6

90%

Question 7

what is a disease of poverty and causes poverty

Answer 7

Malaria

Question 8

vector of malaria

Answer 8

anopheles mosquitoes

Question 9

parasite of malaria

Answer 9

P.falciparum and or P.vivax

Question 10

host of malaria

Answer 10

human

Question 11

how long can females survive

Answer 11

1 month
2+ blood meals

Question 12

how long can males survive

Answer 12

<1 week and only feed on nectar/sugar water

Question 13

what makes a good malaria vector

Answer 13

-feeding behavior
-what
-when
-where

Question 14

Anthropophilic

Answer 14

prefer to feed on humans

Question 15

zoophilic

Answer 15

perfer to feed on animals

Question 16

crepuscular

Answer 16

feeding at dusk or dawn

Question 17

nocturnal

Answer 17

feeding at night

Question 18

endophagic

Answer 18

indoors

Question 19

exophagic

Answer 19

outdoors

Question 20

anopheles gambiae

Answer 20

-strongly anthropophilic
-nocternal
-exophagic

Question 21

human pathogens

Answer 21

P.falciparum
P.vivax
P.ovale
P.malariae

Question 22

What is the deadliest species

Answer 22

P.falciparum

Question 23

What is the trickiest species

Answer 23

P.vivax

Question 24

where does infected RBC have parasite proteins

Answer 24

cell membrane

Question 25

where does infected RBC adhere

Answer 25

to the inside of the vascular system -prevents clearance by the spleen -placenta: pregnancy malaria -Brain- cerebral malaria

Question 26

antigenic variation

Answer 26

immune escape

Question 27

P.vivax preferentially infects

Answer 27

reticulocytes ( immature RBCs)

Question 28

P.vivax relies on what

Answer 28

Duffy antigen for invasion of RBC

Question 29

where does P.vivax hides?

Answer 29

liver

Question 30

small nonreplicating liver stage parasites

Answer 30

Hypnozoites

Question 31

what is not susceptible to most of the anti-malarial drugs

Answer 31

P.vivax

Question 32

Human factors that effect malaria

Answer 32

-Human genetics -acquired immunity -behavioral factors

Question 33

genetically modified mosquitoes

Answer 33

engineered to kill the malaria parasite or infertility

Question 34

socio-economic

Answer 34

rural poor populations -protective housing (open air huts) -preventative measures (bed nets, insecticides) -treatments (drugs)

Question 35

economic

Answer 35

agriculture societies -create breeding sites for mosquitoes -outdoor evening labor -raising domestic animals

Question 36

human behavior

Answer 36

-cultural/education -political -environment -malaria interventions

Question 37

cultural/education

Answer 37

-use traditional/ineffective methods of treatment -poor understanding of preventive treatments -poor understanding of the biology of malaria

Question 38

political

Answer 38

-war, migrations (voluntary or forced), government collapse -reintroduction of malaria to malaria-free regions

Question 39

environment

Answer 39

-reduction of mosquito habitat -urban areas, parking lots, deforestation -creation of urban mosquito habitat -tires, irrigation trenches, dtches

Question 40

malaria interventions

Answer 40

-insecticides to control the vector -drugs to control the parasite

Question 41

how to prevent transmission

Answer 41

block/eliminate vector or parasite -insecticide treated bed nets -indoor residual spraying

Question 42

what does insecticide treated bed nets do

Answer 42

blocks/kills nocturnal endorphagic mosquitos -reduce child mortality by 20% -pitfalls: lack of or incorrect usage, holes

Question 43

what does indoor residual spraying do

Answer 43

kills endophagic mosquitos

Question 44

what does mass insecticide spraying do

Answer 44

exophagic mosquitoes and larvae

Question 45

DDT

Answer 45

the reason why we dont have malaria in the USA

Question 46

where does most drugs target

Answer 46

the blood stage of infection

Question 47

what other places does the drug target

Answer 47

liver ( hyponozoites)

Question 48

what is malaris

Answer 48

disease caused by single celled parasites of the plasmodium sp. transmitted by mosquitoes

Question 49

symptoms of malaria

Answer 49

headache fever fatigue back pain chills sweating dry cough spleen enlargement nausea/vomiting