Tuberculosis

Question 1

Why did men want to get TB

Answer 1

made them smarter

Question 2

why did women want to get TB?

Answer 2

made them “beautiful”, pale, thin, red lips

Question 3

What was tuberculosis once known as?

Answer 3

consumption

Question 4

What other diesease made an co-infection with TB

Answer 4

HIV

Question 5

what is early tuberculosis also referred to as

Answer 5

granuloma

Question 6

what happens to the inner cells of the area infected with TB?

Answer 6

become necrotic

Question 7

what happens to white blood cells when infected with TB

Answer 7

harden and calcify

Question 8

where can TB survive

Answer 8

low oxygen environment

Question 9

what happens to the cells inside the granuloma

Answer 9

die and create gas

Question 10

symptoms of TB

Answer 10

fever, coughing, weight loss, malaise, pregessive lung damaged

Question 11

systemic TB

Answer 11

can infect any area of the body
bones, joints , internal organs, and brain

Question 12

what parts of the body can systemic TB infect?

Answer 12

bones and joints, internal organs, brains

Question 13

where can M.Tuberculosis survive

Answer 13

inactivated macrophages

Question 14

What causes TB to travel throughout the body

Answer 14

M.Tuberculosis inhabiting macrophages

Question 15

what cause someone to more likely to have a poor outcome from TB?

Answer 15

prone to inflammatory conditions

Question 16

what is involved in controlling the infectious

Answer 16

T-cells

Question 17

what is a causative agent for tuberculosis

Answer 17

M tuberculosis

Question 18

How does TB spread

Answer 18

Aerosols

Question 19

TB skin test

Answer 19

inject of M.tuberculosis proteins
-postive test leads to red area at injection site

Question 20

What activates macrophages

Answer 20

Gamma interferon (IFN-y)

Question 21

what kills infected macrophages

Answer 21

cytoptoxic T-cells (Tc-cells)

Question 22

Healthy individual exposed to low dose

Answer 22

activated macrophages stop infection.

Question 23

individuals unable to mount a rapid respones

Answer 23

bacteria multiply in lung macrophages

Question 24

diagnoiss of TB

Answer 24

acid fast staining of sputum samples

Question 25

latent TB

Answer 25

infected with TB, no diesease, not sick, not infectious Goal- prevent future active disease.

Question 26

active TB

Answer 26

TB infection progressed to TB disease, usually sick, infectious if pulmonary and not infectious if not pulmonary.

Question 27

pulmonary

Answer 27

relating to lungs

Question 28

how did humans acquire tuberculosis

Answer 28

domesticated animals

Question 29

Streptomycin

Answer 29

first antibiotic used against M. tuberculosis did not always cure pateints slowly dividing cells became resistant

Question 30

Rifampin

Answer 30

used to treat TB and prophylactically for bacterial meningitis -resistant mutants arise readily -used in combination with other drugs

Question 31

Isoniazid

Answer 31

isonictinic acid hydrazide or INH -must converted into the active form by a bacterial enzyme ( catalase-peroxidase) -inhibits the formation of mycolic acid -resistance occur by inactivation of catalase-peroxidase or by mutation of enzyme in mycolic acid synthesis pathway

Question 32

Pyrazinamide

Answer 32

bacterial enzyme (pZase) converts it to pyrazinoic acid ( active form) -target of drug is unknown uptake increases under acidic conditions -targets bacterail insde phagocytic cells

Question 33

Pyrazinamide

Answer 33

bacterial enzyme (pZase) converts it to pyrazinoic acid ( active form) -target of drug is unknown uptake increases under acidic conditions -targets bacterail insde phagocytic cells

Question 34

How long does it take to kill a cell

Answer 34

roughly 3 minutes

Question 35

what happens to the tubercles that causes them to become visible in X-rays

Answer 35

they calcify

Question 36

what do the calccification look like on a xray

Answer 36

cloudy spots

Question 37

what does the growth of the bacteria cause

Answer 37

the insde of the tubercle to liquefy

Question 38

how long can bacteria in the tubercles survive

Answer 38

decades

Question 39

reactivation

Answer 39

bacteria breaks out of the lesions and multiple

Question 40

what causes reactivation

Answer 40

suppression of the immune system

Question 41

what can lead to reactivation

Answer 41

old age, cancer, HIV, immunosuppressive drugs

Question 42

How many people fell ill to TB in 2020

Answer 42

10 million -5.6 million men -3.3million women 1.1million childern

Question 43

challenges to public health system

Answer 43

-educate, coordinate care with private sector -identify support services -Treat TB in geriatric populations -treat TB in childern -Deal with alchohol, drug abusing , incarcerated, and or homless patients

Question 44

what was the problem with rifampin

Answer 44

resistant mutants arise, was killing good bacteria, depleting layer of immune cell

Question 45

what was the problem with streptomycin

Answer 45

didn't always cure slowly dividing cells became resistant

Question 46

mycin

Answer 46

attacks bacterial ribosome