Male and Female Reproductive Physiology

Question 1

What are the ducts that all embryos have?

Answer 1

Wolffian ducts

Mullerian ducts

Question 2

Which ducts develop in males?

Answer 2

Wolffian

Question 3

Which ducts develop in females?

Answer 3

Mullerian ducts

Question 4

What prevents the Mullerian ducts developing in females?

Answer 4

testosterone and Mullerian Inhibiting factor

Question 5

What is testosterone stimulated by in physiological development?

Answer 5

hCG from the placenta

Question 6

What is testosterone converted to after week 6?

Answer 6

DHT

Question 7

What does DHT stimulate in males?

Answer 7

the genital tubercle to become the glans penis with urethral opening
The urethral folds to close
The Genital swellings to develop into the scrotum and shaft of the penis

Question 8

What happens to the female genitalia?

Answer 8

Genital tubercle becomes clitoris
urethral fold remains open
Genital swelling becomes labia

Question 9

What are the glands associated with the penis?

Answer 9

Prostate, bulburethral, seminal vesicle

Question 10

What are the two functions of the testes?

Answer 10

producing sperm and secreting testosterone

Question 11

What is 80% of the testicular mass?

Answer 11

seminiferous tubules

Question 12

Where do Leydig cells appear?

Answer 12

in connective tissue between seminiferous vesicles

Question 13

What is Cryptorchidism?

Answer 13

When the testes have not descended in adulthood

Question 14

Why is it important for the testes to descend?

Answer 14

Lower temp outside the body to facilitate spermatogenesis

nerve reflexes trigger muscle movement in the scrotal sac to lower/raise testes according to external temp

Question 15

What are the 5 types of effects of testosterone?

Answer 15

before birth
on sex-specific tissues
other reproductive events
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive events

Question 16

What is the effect of testosterone before birth?

Answer 16

masculinises the reproductive tract and external genitalia

promotes descent of testes into scrotum

Question 17

What is the effect of testosterone before birth?

Answer 17

masculinises the reproductive tract and external genitalia

promotes descent of testes into scrotum

Question 18

What is the effect of testosterone on sex-specific tissues?

Answer 18

promotes growth and maturation of repro system
causes testes to enlarge and start spermatogenesis
maintains repro tract through life

Question 19

What are the other reproductive effects of testosterone?

Answer 19

develops libido

controls GnRH

Question 20

what are the effects of testosterone on secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 20

enlarges larynx and thickens vocal cords
induces male pattern hair growth
thickens skin
causes male body shape

Question 21

What are the effects of testosterone on non reproductive events?

Answer 21

promotes protein and bone growth
closes epiphyseal plates
induces oil secretion - acne
aggressive behaviour

Question 22

What are the two types of cell involved with spermatogenesis?

Answer 22

germ cells

sertoli cells

Question 23

how long does sperm differentiation take?

Answer 23

64 days

Question 24

What are spermatogonia differentiated into and how?

Answer 24

mitotic proliferation to primary spermacytes

Question 25

How are primary spematocytes converted to secondary spermatocytes?

Answer 25

1st meiotic division | 23 double stranded chromosomes

Question 26

What happens to the secondary spematocytes at the second meiotic division?

Answer 26

become 2 single stranded spermatids

Question 27

What stages is testosterone required for?

Answer 27

mitosis and meiosis

Question 28

What is spermiogenesis?

Answer 28

the packaging of spermatids to spermatozoa and removal of unnecessary cellular components and rebuilding into specialise motile sperm

Question 29

What is required for spermiogenesis?

Answer 29

FSH

Question 30

what does acrosome contain?

Answer 30

enzymes for penetration of the ovum

Question 31

What are the roles of the sertoli cells?

Answer 31

``` form a blood-testes barrier provide nutrients phagocytosis secrete seminiferous tubule fluid secrete androgen binding protein secrete inhibin secrete Mullerian inhibiting factor in fetus ```

Question 32

What hormones control the testes?

Answer 32

LH | FSH

Question 33

What hormones control the testes?

Answer 33

LH | FSH

Question 34

What does the seminal vesicle secrete?

Answer 34

fructose | prostaglandins for motility

Question 35

What does the prostate gland secrete?

Answer 35

alkaline fluid to neutralise vaginal acid secretions | clotting of semes to keep sperm in vagina during penis withdrawl

Question 36

What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?

Answer 36

mucus for lubrication

Question 37

What are the essential reproductive functions of the female tract?

Answer 37

``` production of ova reception of sperm transport of sperm and ova to site of fertilisation gestation partuition nourishment of infant through lactation ```

Question 38

What is different about oogenesis?

Answer 38

has the same meiotic and mitotic divisions but is suspended at birth until puberty

Question 39

What stages of oogenesis have occured before birth?

Answer 39

mitotic | arrested at first meiotic division

Question 40

What happens at puberty?

Answer 40

primary oocyte reaches maturity and completes first meiotic division before ovulation

Question 41

What does fertilisation trigger?

Answer 41

second meiotic division to create 3 polar bodies

Question 42

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 42

follicular phase | luteal phase

Question 43

What happens during the follicular phase?

Answer 43

maturation of the egg, ready for ovulation at mid cycle

Question 44

What happens during the luteal phase?

Answer 44

development of corpus luteum | induces preparation of reproductive tract for pregnancy

Question 45

What does the corpus luteum do?

Answer 45

secretes progesteron and oestrogen to prepare the uterine lining

Question 46

How long does the corpus luteum survive if no fertilisation occurs?

Answer 46

8-9 days growth degrades after 14 days

Question 47

What does the degeneration of the corpus luteum signal?

Answer 47

start of a new follicular phase

Question 48

What is the function of estrogen during most of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 48

inhibits LH and FSH release

Question 49

When does estrogen stimulate a spike in LH?

Answer 49

around days 12-14

Question 50

What does the spike in LH cause?

Answer 50

ovulation

Question 51

When does progesterone start to increase?

Answer 51

after ovulation

Question 52

When does estrogen peak?

Answer 52

12-14 daysa

Question 53

When is the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

Answer 53

5-15 days

Question 54

What phase follows the proliferative phase?

Answer 54

the secretory phase days 15-28

Question 55

What phase follows the proliferative phase?

Answer 55

the secretory phase days 15-28

Question 56

When does the anterior pituitary start to increase the amount of FSH and LH secreted?

Answer 56

a few days before menstruation

Question 57

What does the surge in LH do other than trigger ovulation?

Answer 57

stimulates development of follicle cells into corpus luteum

Question 58

What causes the menstruation?

Answer 58

the lack of progesterone

Question 59

what does the decrease in estrogen and progesterone do?

Answer 59

reduce negative feedback on the anterior pituitary

Question 60

What is adrenarche?

Answer 60

growth spurt and pubic hair growth

Question 61

What is thelarce?

Answer 61

breast development starts

Question 62

what is menarche?

Answer 62

onset of menstrual cycle

Question 63

What is the menopause?

Answer 63

oestrogen withdrawl when FSH levels rise but oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin fall causes cessation of ovulation and menstruation

Question 64

What are some of the long term side effects of menopause?

Answer 64

hot flushes vaginal and uterine atrophy decreased breast size long term susceptibility to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease