Male Pelvis A&P Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
testicles begin to develop in the upper abdomen near the _____
A
kidneys
2
Q
at ___ weeks the testicles descend into the pelvis
A
4
3
Q
at ___ weeks the testicles descend to the scrotum
A
28 weeks
4
Q
what is cryptorchidism?
A
undescended testicle
5
Q
normal SAG measurement of a testicle
A
3 to 5 cm
6
Q
normal TRV measurement of a testicle
A
2 to 4 cm
7
Q
normal AP measurement of a testicle
A
3 cm
8
Q
what is the endocrine function of the testicles?
A
produce testosterone
9
Q
what is the exocrine function of the testicles?
A
produce sperm for reproduction
10
Q
at what temperature does the scrotum keep the testes at?
A
93.2 F or 34 C
11
Q
what separates the scrotum externally?
A
median raphe
12
Q
what separates the scrotum internally?
A
tunica dartos
13
Q
what muscle alters the position of the testicle?
A
cremaster muscle
14
Q
what muscle works in conjunction with the cremaster muscle to elevate the testicles?
A
dartos muscle
15
Q
normal scrotal wall thickness
A
2 to 8 mm
16
Q
_____ lines the inner walls of the scrotum
A
tunica vaginalis
17
Q
the tunica vaginalis consists of what two layers?
A
parietal - inner lining of the scrotal wall
visceral - surrounds testis and epididymis
18
Q
what is a hydrocele?
A
scrotal fluid collections
19
Q
where are most hydroceles found?
A
between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis
20
Q
____ is the innermost membrane that covers the testis
A
tunica albuginea
21
Q
what is mediastinum testis?
A
posterior thickening of the tunica albuginea
22
Q
where does spermatogenesis occur?
A
seminiferous tubules
23
Q
the rete testis is located within the ____
A
mediastinum
24
Q
________ carry seminal fluid from the rete testis to the epididymis
A
efferent ductules
25
coiled structure that is attached to the testicle and the posterior scrotal wall
epididymis
26
where is sperm stored to mature?
epididymis
27
normal length of the epididymis
6 to 7 cm
28
normal head diameter of the epididymis
10 to 15 mm
29
normal body and tail diameter of the epididymis
2 to 5 mm
30
the head of the epididymis is called the____
globes major
31
how many efferent ducts does the epididymis have?
10 to 15 efferent ducts
32
the ____ of the epididymis transports sperm into the vas deferens
tail of the epididymis
33
what connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicles?
vas deferens
34
seminal vesicles are located ____ to the bladder and ____ to the prostate
posterior to the bladder
superior to the prostate
35
the seminal vesicles produce _____ fluid that becomes part of semen
alkaline
36
area within the prostatic urethra where the ejaculatory ducts meet
verumontanum
37
3 regions of the urethra in males
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy (penile) urethra
38
what gland secretes pre ejaculate fluid?
bulbourethral gland
aka Cowper's gland
39
is the prostate a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ?
retroperitoneal
40
what produces and secretes an alkaline fluid that constitutes 13 to 15% of volume of semen
prostate
41
normal length of the prostate
3.5 cm
42
normal width of the prostate
4 cm
43
normal AP measurement of the prostate
2.5 cm
44
what formula is used to calculate the volume of the prostate?
Ellipsoid formula
45
what is the Ellipsoid formula?
calculate prostate volume
Ht x W x L x 0.52
46
does the prostate increase or decrease in size in patients 40+ years old?
increase
47
2 prostatic tissue
glandular epithelial cells (70%)
fibromuscular tissue (30%)
48
what are the 3 zones of the glandular portion of the prostate?
peripheral 70%
central 25%
transitional 5%
49
the ____ zone of the prostate is the area that is closest to the rectum
peripheral
50
tumors in the _____ zone can easily be felt by a doctor during a digital recital exam (DRE)
peripheral zone
51
what is the location of most prostate cancer?
peripheral zone
52
the _____ zone is the area that is farthest from the rectum
central
53
tumors in this prostate zone cannot be felt
central zone
54
the transitional zone is the area that surrounds the ___
urethra
55
what is the site of origin of BPH?
transitional zone
56
normal level of prostate specific antigen (PSA)
less than 4 ng/ml
57
benign/suspicious value of PSA
4 to 10 ng/ml
58
cancerous value of PSA
more than 10 ng/ml
59
an increase in prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) indicates
prostate cancer
60
what covers the corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa?
buck fascia
61
corpus ____ contains the urethra
corpus spongiosum
62
corpus ____ is paired erectile tissue
corpus cavernosa
63
what artery is a tributary of the internal iliac artery?
internal pudendal artery
64
the ___ branches into the deep (penile) artery
internal pudendal artery
65
what artery provides blood supply to the corpus cavernosa?
deep/penile artery
66
what artery is located within the corpus cavernosa bilaterally?
cavernosa arteries
67
what is the first branch of the testicular arteries?
capsular artery
68
the capsular artery gives rise to the _____ artery
centripetal (intratesticular)
69
what arteries carry blood toward the mediastinum?
centripetal
70
what arteries carry blood into the testis?
centrifugal arteries
aka recurrent rami
71
what artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery and supplies the epididymis and vas deferens?
differential artery
72
the _____ artery is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies the coverings of the spermatic cord
cremasteris artery
aka external spermatic
73
venous drainage of the male genitals is performed through the ______
pampiniform plexus
74
the right testicular vein empties into the _____
IVC
75
the left testicular vein empties into the ____
left renal vein
76
the spermatic cord contains (5)
1. pampiniform plexus of veins
2. testicular, differential, and cremasteric arteries
3. lymphatics
4. vas deferens
5. nerves
77
mediastinum testis ultrasound appearance
echogenic line
78
the epididymis head appears ____ and the body appears ____
head = white
body = black
79
what is corpora amylacea?
calcifications in the prostate
80
what is the Eiffel Tower sign?
shadowing created by the calcification in the area of the urethra and verumontanum
81
perform _____ when varicocele is suspected in the scrotum
valsalva
82
best transducer to scan the scrotum/testes
7.5 to 14 MHz+ linear
83
what is an appendix testis?
remnant if the müllerian duct (paramesonephric duct) located on the superior pole of the testis
84
what is an appendix epididymis?
remnant of the müllerian duct that is iso-hypoechoic to the epididymis
85
80% of cryptorchidism is found in the ____
inguinal canal
86
cryptorchidism is more common in
premature babies
87
people with cryptorchidism are more likely to develop _____ and ____
testicular cancer and testicular torsion
88
cryptorchidism is bilateral in ___ to ___% of cases
10 to 25%
89
what is orchiopexy?
operation to bring an undescended testis into scrotum
90
at what age is orchiopexy usually done?
2 to 10 years old
91
what is anorchia?
congenital absence of the testicle
92
anorchia is more common on the ____ side
left
93
anorchia is caused by ____ or ____
intrauterine testicular torsion or other forms of decrease vascular supply to testis in utero
94
what is polyorchidism?
congenital testicular duplication
95
polyorchidism is more common on the _____ side
left
96
large branch of the testicular artery that courses through the mediastinum in 50% of men
transmediastinal artery
97
best transducer to scan the prostate TA
3 to 5 MHz curved
98
TA prostate scan needs a ____ bladder
full
99
transrectal/endorectal scan of the prostate needs a _____ bladder
empty
100
best transducer for an endorectal prostate scan
5MHz or higher intracavitary probe
101
what needs to be done prior to a endorectal prostate scan?
enemas
102
what is an enema?
injection of fluids used to cleanse or stimulate the emptying of the bowel
103
what is the best position for a transrectal prostate scan?
patient on left side with knees to chest
104
indicators for prostate exam (6)
1. elevated PSA and PAP
2. urinary frequency
3. poor urinary system
4. enlarged prostate
5. pain in back, thighs, or pelvis
6. pus or blood in urine or semen
105
the prostate gland primarily receive arterial blood from the ____
inferior vesical artery
