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Urology/Reproduction > Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Male reproductive system Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Define puberty

A

Time at which reproduction by an individual animal becomes possible for the first time

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2
Q

Average male dog puberty age

A

6-12 months, small breeds at 6 and large at 12

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3
Q

Average tomcat puberty age

A

6-12 months or at 60-70% adult body weight, oriental breeds early, longhaired and manx later

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4
Q

What can influence onset of puberty

A

Photoperiod where longer days could influence puberty and also long day breeders

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5
Q

When can spermatozoa be found in ejaculate

A

6/7-9 months

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6
Q

When are male dogs and cats sexually active

A

throughout the year

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7
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occurs

A

seminiferous tubules in testes

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8
Q

2 cell types that makes up seminiferous epithelium

A

spermatogonia
Sertoli cells

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9
Q

What does spermatogonia do

A

produce sperm (germ cells)

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10
Q

Where is spermatogonia

A

basal compartment of seminiferous tubules from which sperms develop

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11
Q

What does Sertoli cells do

A

support and nourish the sperm and produce hormones

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12
Q

2 phases of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatocytogenesis
spermiogenesis

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13
Q

Important feature of spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm and number of spermatogonia is maintained

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14
Q

2 layers/compartments of seminiferous tubules

A

Adluminal compartment
basal compartment

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15
Q

How does spermatogenesis keep same number of sperm and spermatogonia

A

mitosis of spermatogonia means 1 kept(primary spermatocyte) and 1 used

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16
Q

What happens after the initial division of spermatogonia

A

Move across compartments form basal to adluminal

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17
Q

Name process of division from primary spermatocyte to spermatid

A

Undergo meiosis 1 to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid,n) and then meiosis 2 to become spermatids (haploid,n)

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18
Q

Name the correct sequence of cell development in spermatocytogenesis

A

Spermatogonia=> primary spermatocytes=> secondary spermatocytes=> Spermatids

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19
Q

What is spermatocytogenesis

A

The process of division of spermatogonia to spermatids

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20
Q

What is Spermiogenesis

A

Maturation of spermatids while they are still in the adluminal compartment to create spermatozoa

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21
Q

Where is the basal compartment

A

Near basement membrane of tubule

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22
Q

Where is the adluminal compartment

A

Towards Lumen

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23
Q

What is spermiation

A

Mature spermatids are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules as spermatozoa

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24
Q

How long does spermatogenesis in the adluminal compartment approximately take

A

62 days in dogs and 64 days in bulls

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25
What is the spermatogenic cycle
Time it takes for a specific stage of spermatogenesis to reappear in the same segment
26
How many stages can be identified of spermatogenesis in each seminiferous tubules
4-5 stages
27
How is 4-5 stages of spermatogenesis per tubule calculated
Migration of basal to adluminal occurs every 14 days (14days to complete a stage) So if total is 64 days then 64/14 days per stage then 4.5 cycles at same time
28
How long does it take for spermatogonia from basal to adluminal compartment/ time to complete stage of spermatogenesis
14 days in bull
29
What is the spermatogenic wave
It is each part of the tubule is at different stage so across the tubule sperm will be released from different parts each day across 14 days (time for stage compeletion/migration of spermatogonia) then back to start of tubule
30
Use of spermatogenic wave
so can keep reproducting constantly as sperm released constantly and stored and not all in one go
31
Why does the spermatogenic wave occur
All seminferous tubules do not contain germ cells at the same stages of the maturation
32
What creates GnRH
Hypothalamus by two groups of neuroendocrine cells
33
What are the 2 groups of neuroendocrine cells that make GnRH
Tonic centre and surge centre
34
GnRH stand for
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
35
Tonic centre role for GnRH
Secretes GnRH in regular, brief pulses Responsible for low-level, basal(tonic) secretion of GnRH in female and male
36
Surge centre role for GnRH
Inactivated early in foetal life in males and is a surge release
37
What does GnRH do
Stimulates secretion of both LH and FSH from adenohypophysis at puberty pulsatile secretion of GnRH increases so FSH and LH increases
38
What controls the production of testosterone
LH controls the leydig cells via negative feedback system
39
Role of testosterone in spermatogenesis
Supports the meiotic process and stimulate Sertoli cell support of the germ cells
40
General roles of testosterone
Development and maintenance of libido Secretory activity of accessory sex glands General body feature associated with males (Bone growth, thicken skin, deeper voice)
41
FSH role in spermatogenesis
Initiation of spermatogenesis at puberty and not essential for maintenance after it has been initiated (LH is required continuously)
42
LH role in spermatogenesis
Activate Leydig cells to control release of testosterone via negative feedback system
43
What does FSH do
Initiation of spermatogenesis and stimulates production of the androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells
44
What does ABP(androgen-binding protein) do
Secreted into the lumen of seminiferous tubules and binds with testosterone and other androgens to stabilize their concentrations and ensure appropriate amount for spermatogenesis
45
Recall Hormonal controls in spermatogenesis
insert image
46
What do Sertoli cells produce (FSH)
ABP Produce Inhibin which inhibits secretion of FSH there is also activin
47
Where is sperm storage
tail of the epididymis
48
What happens to most of the spermatozoa formed in the testes
Phagocytized in the excurrent duct system Lost into the urine (85% sperm in urine in sexually inactive rams)
49
Stages of Sperm maturation to facilitate fertilisation
Development of unidirectional motility Changes in nuclear chromatin (DNA-protein complex) Changes in plasma membrane loss of cytoplasmic droplet
50
Where do spermatozoa gain their fertilizing ability
Progressively during transit through epididymis
51
When do spermatozoa gain motility
mix with secretion from accessory glands at ejaculation
52
How long is epididymal transit
about 12 days dogs
53
What is an erection
increase in turgidity of the penis
54
How does erection occur
Increase in blood pressure in cavernous sinuses of penis result from greater blood inflow than outflow
55
How does Inflow and outflow change for erection
Inflow increase through vasodilation of arteries by parasympathetic stimulation Outflow decrease through compression of dorsal veins of penis against the pelvis when the ischiocavernosus muscles contract
56
What is intromission
Introduction of penis into the vagina and its maintenance within the vagina during coitus facilitated by presence of os penis
57
Stages for dogs
First stage coitus-mounting The turn- 180 degrees and dismount whilst penis remains within vagina Second stage coitus- copulatory tie/lock
58
What is a copulatory tie/ lock
Stand tail to tail where the enlargement of bulbus glandis keeps penis within vagina
59
How long is copulatory tie
20 minutes but can be 5-60 minutes doesnt occur in cats
60
Stages for cats
Posture of queen in oestrus Tomact holds queen during intromission postcoital roll by queen cats in occur rapidly compared to dogs
61
What is period of sexual inactivity after mating completed called
Refractory period
62
What is emission
precedes ejaculation, results from sympathetic innervation whereby semen is emptied into the urethra and provides peristaltic movement for transport from testes to urethra and contracts neck of bladder to minimize reflux of semen into the bladder
63
Describe ejaculation
After emission, semen is forced through urethra by reflex strong, frequent and rhythmic contraction of (urethral and bulbospongious) muscles and forceful expulsion of semen from urethra to exterior
64
Describe 3 fractions of dog ejaculate
1st- small volume of clear fluid ejaculated during the play period or whilst trying to locate vulva (does not contain sperm and from prostate gland used to fluid urine/cellular debris form urethra 2nd- sperm rich fluid ejaculated after intromission and during coitus 3rd clear fluid of prostatic origin ejaculated during copulatory tie and used to flush the sperm forwards through cervix into the uterus
65
Define ejaculation
forceful expulsion of semen from urethra to exterior
66
How many fractions of ejaculate for cats
one
67
What causes movement of sperm through female reproductive tract (3)
Contractions of female reproductive tract sperm flagella activity(unidirectional) Flushing mechanism(volume of ejaculate)
68
3 changes to spermatozoa within female tract
capacitation acrosomal exocytosis/reaction expression of hyperactive motility
69
Describe capacitation
removal of cholesterol and glycoproteins appears reversible but after time in female tract and triggers are not present then will de-capacitate
70
What do capacitated sperm penetrate
corona radiata
71
Describe acrosome reaction
penetration of zona pellucida and sperm binding and then --ZP3 triggers the reaction where release of enzymes needed to penetrate zona pellucida
72
Describe hyperactive motility
sperm and oocyte membranes fusion facilitated by sperm (hyperactive motility) combined with AR, which allows to enter perivitelline space of oocyte to be available for fertilization
73
3 oocyte responses to sperm
cortical and zona reaction resumption of 2nd meiotic division metabolic activation of fertilised ooxyte
74
main result of fertilisation
restoration of diploid number of chromosomes determination of sex of neonate animal initiation of cleavage
75
Paraphimosis
Inability to retract either erect or non penis into the prepuce
76
Phimosis
inability to protrude penis out of the preputial orifice
77
Priapism
Abnormally prolonged erection of penis not associated with sexual desire uncommon in small animals
78
GnRH secreted by
hypothalmus
79
GnRH target organ
anterior pituatiary
80
GnRH activity
release of FSH and LH
81
FSH secreted by
Anterior pituitary
82
FSH target organ
testis (seminiferous tubules and sertoli cells)
83
FSH activity
Initiation of spermatogenesis production of ABP
84
LH secreted by
Anterior pituitary
85
LH target organ
Testis (leydig cells)
86
LH activity
production and release of testosterone
87
Testosterone secreted by
leydig cells
88
Testosterone target organ
Testis, body, Adenohypophysis, hypothalamus
89
Testosterone activity
Spermatogenesis(meiosis), libido, secondary sex characteristics Negative feedback on LH,FSH, GnRH
90
ABP secreted by
sertoli cells
91
ABP target organ
Seminiferous tubules
92
ABP activity
regulate concentration of testosterone
93
Inhibin secreted by
sertoli cells
94
Inhibin target organ
Adenohypophysis
95
Inhibin activity
Inhibit FSH secretion

Urology/Reproduction (5 decks)

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