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Anatomy & Physiology 208 > Male Reproductive System Study Guide > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

gonad

A

primary sex organs
Male – testes, female – ovaries

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2
Q

Gametes

A

sex or reproductive cells made in the gonads
Males – sperm, females – ova/egg

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3
Q

Sex hormones

A

Males – androgens, females – estrogens and progesterone

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4
Q

path of sperm from seminiferous tubule to external body surface

A

Seminiferous tubule → Epididymis → vas/ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

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5
Q

two muscles of the scrotum

A
  • Dartos – smooth muscle, wrinkles scrotal skin, pulls scrotum close to the body
  • Cremaster – skeletal muscle, bands of muscle that elevates the testes
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6
Q

purpose of the testes being outside the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Maintains a temperature of about 3 degrees celsius cooler than body temperature

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7
Q

two tunics of the testes

A

Tunica vaginalis – outer layer, derived from peritoneum
Tunica albuginea – inner layer, forms fibrous capsule

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8
Q

sustentocyte

A

Support cells where spermatogenic cells are embedded (all within epithelium surrounding lumen of seminiferous tubules)

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9
Q

What is made by the interstitial endocrine cells in the testes?

A

androgens, such as testosterone, and secrete them into the interstitial fluid

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10
Q

functional importance of the pampiniform venous plexuses

A
  • Testicular veins arise from the pampiniform venous plexuses surrounding each testicular artery
  • Cooler blood in the venous plexus absorbs heat from the testicular arteries and keeps the testes cool
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11
Q

What is carried in the spermatic cord?

A

autonomic nerve fibers, blood vessels, vas deferens, and lymphatic vessels that supply the testes (travels through inguinal canal)

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12
Q

3 parts of the penis

A

Roots, shaft, glans penis (including prepuce, foreskin – cuff of loose skin covering the glans)

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13
Q

Circumcision

A

surgical removal of the foreskin (60% of males in the US)

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14
Q

cylindrical body that makes up the glans penis

A

Corpus spongiosum

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15
Q

what fills the vascular spaces in erectile tissue during an erection

A

blood

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16
Q

function of the epididymis

A

Site of sperm maturation
- During ejaculation, the epididymis contracts and expels sperm into the ductus/vas deferens

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17
Q

How long do sperm cells typically remain in the epididymis

A

Nonmotile , immature sperm enter the epididymis and pass slowly though it over ~20 days. Sperm can be stored for several months

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18
Q

The vas deferens merges with a duct from what gland to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

Joins the duct of the seminal vesicle

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19
Q

vasectomy

A

Vasectomy – cutting and ligating the vas deferens.
Prevents sperm from leaving the testes

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20
Q

three portions of the male urethra from proximal to distal

A
  • Prostatic: surrounded by the prostate gland
  • intermediate/membranous – in the urogenital diaphragm
  • Spongy – rungs through the penis, opens at external urethral orifice
21
Q

What is contained in the secretions made in the seminal vesicles/glands

A

viscous , alkaline seminal fluid – accounts for 70% of the volume of semen
Contains fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase) and prostaglandins

22
Q

What is contained in the secretions made in the prostate glands

A

Milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
- Prostatic fluid plays a role in sperm activation and makes up ⅓ of the volume of semen

23
Q

BPH

A

Benign growth of the prostate that constricts the urethra and makes urination difficult
- Incomplete bladder emptying can lead to frequent UTIs and kidney damage

24
Q

TURP

A

surgical procedure to widen the prostatic urethra

25
Q

functional importance of the secretions from the bulbourethral glands

A
  • Thick clear mucus produced during sexual arousal
  • Mucus lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes any traces of acidic urine in the urethra
26
Q

of sperm cells in a typical ejaculation

A

20-150 million sperm/mL. Usually 2-5mL of semen is ejaculated

27
Q

Prostaglandins

A

decrease viscosity of mucus in the cervix and stimulate reverse peristalsis in the female uterus

28
Q

Relaxin

A

enhance sperm motility and suppress female immune response

29
Q

clotting factors and fibrinolysin

A

Clotting factors coagulate semen initially and then fibrinolysin to liquify it

30
Q

branch of the ANS is responsible for the formation of an erection

A

parasympathetic nervous system

31
Q

branch of the ANS is responsible for ejaculation

A

sympathetic nervous system

32
Q

Haploid

A

cell with 23 chromosomes

33
Q

Diploid

A

cell with 46 chromosomes

34
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

each pair of chromosomes (most human body cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
- Gametes only have 23 chromosomes

35
Q

Mitosis

A

involves 1 replication event and 1 division event – it produces 2 identical daughter cells

36
Q

Meiosis

A

involves 1 replication event and 2 division events - it cuts the number of chromosomes in half and produces 4 genetically diverse daughter cells

37
Q

3 steps of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Mitosis of spermatogonia (stem cell)
  2. Meiosis
  3. Spermiogenesis
38
Q
  1. Mitosis of spermatogonia (stem cell)
A

forms 1 stem cells and 1 primary spermatocyte

39
Q
  1. Meiosis
A

primary spermatocytes from secondary spermatocyte, which becomes spermatids

40
Q
  1. Spermiogenesis
A

spermatids become spermatozoa (immature sperm)

41
Q

spermatogonia

A

Stem cells in contact with epithelial basal lamina

42
Q

net result of mitosis of spermatogonia

A

Each mitotic division yields 1 type A daughter and 1 type B daughter cell
- Type a daughter cell maintain the germ/stem cell line
- Type b daughter cells move toward the lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes

43
Q

Meiosis I

A

primary spermatocyte (2n) undergoes meiosis I forming 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)

44
Q

Meiosis II

A

each secondary spermatocyte rapidly undergoes meiosis II to become two spermatids

45
Q

Spermatid

A

small, nonmotile, found close to the tubules lumen

46
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids to immature sperm
- Spermatids have the correct haploid chromosome number for fertilization, but they are nonmotile
- Spermiogenesis - streamlining process where each spermatid elongates, loses excess cytoplasm, and forms a tail - becomes a spermatozoa (sperm)

47
Q

sequence of hormones triggering the secretion of testosterone and spermatogenesis

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  2. GnRH binds to anterior pituitary gonadotropic cells causing them to secrete
    Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
    luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. FSH indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by stimulating sustentocytes to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
    ABP promotes spermatogenesis by keeping the concentration of testosterone high near the spermatogenic cells
  4. LH binds to interstitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone
  5. Testosterone entering the blood triggers sex organ maturation, development of secondary sex characteristics, and development of libido
  6. Rising testosterone levels feedback to hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH and to the pituitary to inhibit release of gonadotropins
  7. Inhibin – hormone released by sustentocytes when sperm count is high - inhibits the release of GnRH and FSH
48
Q

systemic effects of testosterone

A

Secondary male sex characteristics
- Appearance of pubic, axillary, chest, and facial hair
- Deepening of the voice
- Thickening of skin + increased oil production
- Bone growth + increased bone density
- Increase in skeletal muscle size and mass
- Increase in basal metabolic rate
Testosterone is the basis of libido in males
Testosterone has effects on the embryonic brain and continues it effects well into adulthood

49
Q

Where else are androgens produced?

A

produced by the adrenal glands, but that is insufficient to maintain normal testosterone –mediated functions

Anatomy & Physiology 208 (39 decks)

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