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Anatomy & Physiology 208 > Respiratory Physiology Study Guide > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

breathing (inspiration and expiration), the mechanical process of breathing
- dependent on volume changes in thoracic cavity
- volume changes -> pressure changes -> flow of gasses to equalize pressure

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2
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the gasses / air surrounding the body (at sea level atm is 760mmHg or 1 atm)
(-) respiratory pressure - lower than atm
(+) respiratory pressure - higher than atm
(0) respiratory pressure = atm

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3
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

(Ppul): the pressure within the alveoli
- Rises/falls with the phases of breathing – always equalizes with atmospheric pressure
- gets lower with inhale

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4
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

the pressure in the pleural cavity
- Rises/falls with the phases of breathing –always about 4mmHg less than Ppul

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5
Q

relationship between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

A

Pip is always negative relative to Ppul
- Any condition that equalizes Pip with Ppul or atmospheric pressure will cause lung collapse

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6
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure

A

the difference between Ppul and Pip
The pressure that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open and prevents lung collapse!

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7
Q

how parietal and visceral pleurae are attached to each other

A

presence of pleural fluid causes strong adhesive force between pleurae

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8
Q

transpulmonary pressure is greatest when ….

A

the lungs are larger in size

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9
Q

atelectasis

A

“lung collapse”
- when a bronchiole becomes plugged
- associated alveoli collapse
- often extension of pneumonia

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10
Q

pnuemothorax

A

“air thorax”
- presence of air in the pleural cavity
- reversed by drawing air out via a chest tube
- lung will reinflate

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11
Q

boyles law

A

relationship between pressure and volume of gas - at constant temp, pressure is inversely related to volume (gasses always fill their container)
- p1v1=p2v2

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12
Q

inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

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13
Q

nerve that delivers impulses for contraction from brain’s respiratory centers

A

phrenic nerve

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14
Q

volume and pressure during inspiration

A
  • diaphragm + external intercostals contract
  • height and diameter of thoracic cavity increase
  • lungs stretch, intrapulmonary volume increases, Ppul decreases
  • air rushes into lungs
  • Ppul equalizes to Patm
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15
Q

volume and pressure during expiration

A
  • inspiratory muscles relax - rib cage descends, lungs recoil
  • thoracic + intrapulmonary volumes decrease
  • Ppul rises
  • when Ppul > Patm, air flows out
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16
Q

2 muscles used for forced expiration

A

transerve abdominis and obliques contract (internal intercostals are also involved)

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17
Q

3 accessory inspiratory muscles involved in forced inspiration

A

scalenes, SCM (sternocleidomastoid), pectoralis minor

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18
Q

equation + relationship between air flow, airway resistance, and change in pressure

A

F = ΔP/R
- airway resistance (R): friction or drag encountered in the respiratory passageways
- small change in P can create large changes in air flow (2mmHg or less during quiet breathing)
- flow (f) varies inversely with resistance (r)
- R is determined by diameters of conducting tubes (highest resistance is in medium bronchioles, because the really small ones have diffusion)
- increased resistance = decreased flow
- increased change in pressure = increased flow

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19
Q

bronchodilator

A

relax muscles in lungs and widen airways/bronchioles

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20
Q

branch of ANS responsible for bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

epinephrine

A

bronchodilator

22
Q

surface tension

A

attracts liquid molecules to each other, resists any force that attempts to increase the liquid’s surface area
- water has a high surface tension, so its always working to keep alveoli at their smallest sice

23
Q

surfactant

A

detergent-like complex of lipids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells
- reduces surface tension and discourages alveolar collapse - less energy is required to expand the lungs

24
Q

when surfactant is made during development

A

24-28 weeks (done by 35 weeks)

25
Q

lung compliance

A

measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure (higher compliance = lungs that are easier to expand)
- determined by distensibility of lung tissue and alveolar surface tension

26
Q

factors that reduce lung compliance

A

fibrosis, reduced amount of surfactant, decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage

27
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

air inspired with normal, quiet breathing (500 mL)

28
Q

inspiratory reserve volume IRV

A

air inspired beyond TV (3100 mL)

29
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

air expired beyond TV (1200 mL)

30
Q

residual volume RV

A

air that remains in the lungs after ERV (1200 mL)

31
Q

minimal volumes MV

A

small amount of air that remains in the lungs - even if the chest is opened

32
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

air that remains in the passageways and does not contribute to gas exchange; ~150mL

33
Q

Alveolar (Physiologic) Dead Space

A

air in non-functional alveoli

34
Q

Total Dead Space

A

the sum of non-useful volumes – anatomical + alveolar dead space

35
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

A

diseases of increased airway resistance
- TLC, FRC, RV may increase

36
Q

Restrictive Disorders

A

diseases of reduced lung capacity due to fibrosis/disease
- VC, TLC, FRC, RV may decline

37
Q

inspiratory capacity IC

A

tv + irv 3600mL

38
Q

functional residual capacity FRC

A

rv + erv 2400mL

39
Q

vital capacity VC

A

irv + itv + erv 4800mL

40
Q

total lung capacity TLC

A

sum of all lung volumes 6000mL

41
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

A

determines the amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test

42
Q

FEV1

A

the amount of air exhaled during the 1st second – typically, about 80%

43
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

amount of air flowing in/out of the alveoli per unit of time
- AVR (mL/min) = frequency (breaths/min) x TV – dead space (mL/breath)
- more effective measurement than minute ventilation because dead space is taken into account
- rapid, shallow breathing decreases AVR

44
Q

Daltons law

A
  • how gas behaves when it is part of a mixture of gases
  • The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sums of the pressures exerted by each gas individually
  • The partial pressure of each gas is proportional to its percentage in the mixture
  • Example: O2 makes up 21% of the atmosphere. It has a partial pressure (PO2) of 159mmHg
    21% x 760mmHg = 159mmHg
45
Q

henrys law

A

how gasses move in and out of solutions
- Each gas will dissolve into a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
- The greater the concentration of a particular gas, the more and the faster that gas will go into solution
- The direction and amount of movement of a gas are determined by its partial pressure in the 2 phases
- Additional Factors:
Solubility - CO2 is 20x more soluble in H2O than O2
Temperature - as a liquid’s temperature rises, solubility decreases

46
Q

partial pressure gradient for O2 in the lungs

A

Venous Blood PO2 = 40mmHg
Alveolar PO2 = 104mmHg
- oxygen is driven into blood as it moves down a steep pressure gradient
- blood can flow 3x faster and still be well-oxygenated

47
Q

partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs

A

Venous Blood PCO2 = 45 mmHg
Alveolar PCO2 = 40 mmHg
- diffuses down a less steep pressure gradient than oxygen
- more soluble than oxygen despite diffusing across in equal amounts

48
Q

ventilation

A

amount of gas reaching the alveoli
- Changes in PCO2 control ventilation by changing bronchiole diameter
- Where alveolar CO2 is high, bronchioles dilate for faster CO2 removal
- Where alveolar CO2 is low, bronchioles constrict
- Striving for efficient CO2 removal!

49
Q

Perfusion

A

amount of blood reaching the alveoli
- Changes in PO2 control perfusion by changing arteriolar diameter
- Where alveolar O2 is high, arterioles dilate to stimulate O2 pickup
- Where alveolar O2 is low, arterioles constrict to divert blood elsewhere
- Striving for efficient O2 pickup!

50
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and body tissues (internal respiration)

A
  • PO2 of tissues < PO2 of blood
    O2 is driven into the tissues
  • PCO2 of tissues > PCO2 of blood
    CO2 is driven into blood
51
Q

efficient coupling of ventilation and perfusion in the lungs

A

they must be well matched for efficient gas exchange

Anatomy & Physiology 208 (35 decks)

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