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Anatomy & Physiology 208 > Urinary Physiology Study Guide > Flashcards

Urinary Physiology Study Guide Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

how much filtrate is made each day

A

180 L (47 gallons)

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2
Q

how much urine is made each day

A

1.5 L

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3
Q

Filtrate

A

blood plasma minus its proteins, produced by glomerular filtration

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4
Q

Urine

A

metabolic wastes and unneeded substances, produced from filtrate

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5
Q

3 processes involved in urine formation

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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6
Q
  1. Glomerular filtration
A

Passive process that does not require metabolic energy, no reabsorption occurs
- Has filtration membrane between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule
- Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and solutes through the membrane into the glomerular capsule
- Cells, proteins, and other larger molecules (> 5nm) don’t fit through membrane

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7
Q
  1. Tubular reabsorption
A

process of selectively reclaiming substances from filtrate and moving them back into blood
- Typically, 99% of water, and all glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed

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8
Q
  1. Tubular secretion
A

process of selectively moving substances from blood into filtrate

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9
Q

3 layers of the filtration membrane

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries,
Basement membrane,
Foot processes of podocytes of the glomerular capsule

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10
Q

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries

A

allows all blood components except cells to pass

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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

allows solutes, blocks all but the smallest proteins

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12
Q

Foot processes of podocytes of the glomerular capsule

A

filtration slits between foot processes, stop all remaining macromolecules

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13
Q

3 pressures involved in glomerular filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc), Hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs), Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capsule (OPgc)

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14
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

A
  • Glomerular blood pressure
  • Chief force pushing water, solutes, out of blood across filtration membrane
  • High ( 55mmHg) compared to most capillary beds
  • Maintained by the smaller size of efferent arterioles versus the afferent arterioles
  • Outward pressure (promote filtration formation)
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15
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs)

A

Pressure exerted by the force in the glomerular capsule (~15 mmHg)
Inward pressure (inhibit filtration formation)

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16
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capsule (OPgc)

A

The “pull” of the proteins in the blood (~30mmHg)
Inward pressure

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17
Q

NFP

A

Sum of forces
Pressure responsible for forming filtrate
Main controllable factor for determining glomerular filtration rate GFR
Outward force: net → 10 mmHg (55mmHg forcing in, 45 mmHg forcing out)

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18
Q

GFR

A

Volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute

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19
Q

3 determining factors of GFR

A
  • Net filtration pressure (NFP) - Main controllable factor, primary pressure is outward glomerular hydrostatic pressure, can be controlled by changing arteriole diameters
  • Total surface area available for filtration – controlled by the contraction of mesangial cells
  • Permeability of filtration membrane – much more permeable than other types of capillaries
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20
Q

normal gfr

A

120-125 mL/min

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21
Q

renal failure gfr

A

GFR < 15 mL/min

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22
Q

CKD/CRD gfr

A

GFR < 60 mL/min

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23
Q

relationship between GFR and systemic blood pressure.

A
  • Increase in GFR increases urinary output and decreases BP
  • Decrease in GFR decreases urinary output and increases BP
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24
Q

Intrinsic controls

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A

work locally within the kidney to maintain GFR – renal autoregulation

25
Extrinsic controls
neutral and hormonal controls that maintain systemic blood pressure
26
MAP
Mean arterial pressure (average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle – systole and diastole) ⅓ pulse pressure + diastolic pressure
27
an appropriate MAP range for intrinsic controls to be in control
80 - 180 mmHg (MAP outside of this range = extrinsic controls are in control)
28
myogenic mechanism
Smooth muscle contracts when stretched Goals: protect the glomerulus from high BP by restricting blood flow, maintain normal NFP and GFR
29
What happens when BP increases or decreases under myogenic mechanism
Increased BP → muscles stretch → constriction of afferent arteriole Decreased BP → dilation of afferent arteriole
30
tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
GFR increases → flow of filtrate increases -> decreased time for reabsorption → higher levels of NaCl in filtrate - Response: the afferent arteriole is constricted → NFP and GFR are reduced → increased time for NaCl reabsorption
30
group of cells that direct tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
macula densa cells
31
solute that directs tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
NaCl
32
systemic effects seen in extrinsic neural control by the SNS
Extrinsic controls regulate GFR to maintain systemic BP - even if it hurts the kidneys – ex, during hypovolemia, extrinsic overrides intrinsic controls to ensure survival of vital organs
33
how the systemic effects seen in extrinsic neural control by the SNS alters BP
- Normal conditions: renal blood vessels are dilated, intrinsic controls running - Abnormal conditions (low BP): norepinephrine, epinephrine released -- Systemic vasoconstriction to raise BP -- Constriction of the afferent arterioles will decrease GFR -- Blood volume and blood pressure increase
34
3 pathways to releasing renin from granular cells
- Direct stimulation of granular cells by sns - Stimulation of the granular cells by activated macula densa cells – when NaCl concentration in filtrate is low - Reduced stretch of granular cells
35
how renin increases systemic blood pressure
Renin → angiotensin II → 2 different ways: - Increased aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex → increased Na+ reabsorption by kidney tubules, water follows, → increased blood volume → increased BP - Vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles, increase in peripheral resistance → systemic blood pressure
36
things that are reabsorbed in tubular reabsorption
Almost all organic nutrients – reabsorption of water and ions are hormonally regulated and can be adjusted
37
portion of the renal tubule that conducts the most reabsorption
PCT
38
What is reabsorbed in the PCT
- All nutrients (glucose + amino acids) - 65% of sodium and water - Most of the electrolytes (potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.) - Nearly all uric acid and ½ of the era – these will be secreted into the filtrate again later
39
What is reabsorbed in the Nephron Loop
Reabsorption of water is no longer coupled to solute reabsorption - Descending limb – water can leave, but solute cannot - Ascending limb – solute can leave (Na+ K+ Cl-), but water cannot
40
What is reabsorbed in the DCT
- Varies with body’s needs - Most of the water and solutes have already been reabsorbed - Some Na+ Cl- HCO3 H2O
41
ADH
released by the posterior pituitary gland, can cause an increase in reabsorption of water
42
Aldosterone
increases blood pressure and decreases k+ levels by promoting the reabsorption of Na+
43
Atrial Natriuretic peptide ANP
released by cardiac atrial cells, decreases blood volume and blood pressure by reducing the reabsorption of Na+
44
Parathyroid hormone
increases reabsorption of Ca2+ by the DCT (regulates calcium)
45
tubular secretion
- Reverse of tubular reabsorption, occurs almost entirely in PCT - Selected substances are moved from the peritubular capillaries, through the tubule cells, and back into the filtrate - Important for getting rid of unwanted substances and excess amounts of substances, as well as controlling pH
46
things typically secreted in tubular secretion
K+, H+, ammonia, creatinine, organic acids and bases
47
renal clearance
volume of plasma that kidneys can clear of a particular substance within a given time
48
treatment options for renal failure
Hemodialysis or kidney transplant
49
things normally found in urine
Water, urea, uric acid, creatinine Na+, K+ PO43-, SO42-, sometimes CA2+, Mg2+, HCO3- are in small amounts
50
things abnormal to be found in urine
blood proteins (rhabdo – breakdown of muscles), WBCs, bile pigments, glucose, ketone bodies, hemoglobin, erythrocytes
51
trigone of the bladder
Smooth triangular area outlined by the openings for the 2 ureters and the urethra
52
smooth muscle of the bladder
Thick detrusor muscle of the muscular layer – has 3 layers of smooth muscle - Inner and outer layers are longitudinal - Middle layer is circular
53
max capacity of the bladder
1,000mL
54
female urethras
- 3-4 cm/1.5 in long - Tightly bound to anterior vaginal wall - External urethral orifice is anterior to the vaginal orifice
55
male urethra
- Carries both semen and urine - Much longer - 20 cm/8 in – has 3 named regions -- Prostatic urethra – 2.5 cm, within prostate gland -- intermediate/membranous urethra – 2cm, passes through urogenital diaphragm from prostate to root of penis -- Spongy urethra – 15sm passes through the penis, opens via external urethral orifice
56
Internal urethral sphincter
involuntary/smooth muscle at the bladder - urethral junction - contracts to open
57
External urethral sphincter
voluntary/skeletal muscle surrounding the urethra as it passes the pelvic floor - relaxes to open
58
micturition reflex
3 simultaneous events - Contraction of the detrusor muscle by the ANS - Opening of the internal urethral sphincter by ANS -- Opens via contraction - Opening of the external urethral sphincter by -somatic nervous system -- Opens via relaxation - PNS activity increases - SNS activity decreases - somatic motor activity decreases

Anatomy & Physiology 208 (39 decks)

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