Mar 25 neuroses

Question 1

Schizophrenia:

Symptoms (DHELD):

Answer 1

Schizophrenia: Split Mind

Symptoms (DHELD):

D – Disturbed Thought Content
* Delusions (grandiose or persecutory)
* Loose associations (confused speech)

H – Hallucinations
* Hearing voices, seeing things that aren’t there

E – Emotional Disturbance
* Inappropriate laughter or flat affect (no emotions)

L – Loss of Functioning
* Neglect of hygiene, social withdrawal

D – Disturbed Behavior
* Agitation or catatonic stupor (lack of movement)

Question 2

Theories of Schizophrenia (Genetic Contribution)
Highest risk in:

Answer 2

Genetic Contribution
Highest risk in:
* Identical twins, followed by children with two schizophrenic parents

Question 3

Theories of Schizophrenia

The Dopamine Hypothesis (Slogan)

Evidence for excess dopamine: (3 things)

Answer 3

Theories of Schizophrenia

The Dopamine Hypothesis (Slogan):
* Drugs help the positive, not the negative.

Evidence for excess dopamine:
* Schizophrenia may involve excess dopamine activity in the brain
* Antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine = lessen symptoms,
* Works best on positive symptoms (extra behaviors) and not on negative symptoms.

Question 4

Theories of Schizophrenia (GENET):

Answer 4

G - Genetic Contribution:
E - Epigenetics
N - Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis:
E - Expressed Emotion

The Dopamine Hypothesis

Question 5

Theories of Schizophrenia

The Dopamine Hypothesis

Early Idea:
Dopamine Receptors:
Antipsychotic Drugs:

Answer 5

Early Idea:
* Too much dopamine = schizophrenia

Dopamine Receptors:
* Too many D₂ receptors may play a role

Antipsychotic Drugs:
* Block D₂ receptors = reduce dopamine activity

Question 6

Theories of Schizophrenia (Epigenetics): (2 things)

Answer 6

Epigenetics
* About 1 in 200 genes in psychotic patients show epigenetic changes
* Affects genes linked to neurotransmission and brain development

Question 7

Theories of Schizophrenia (Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis): (2 things)

Answer 7

Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
* Prenatal insults (e.g., viral infections, malnutrition, stress) disrupt brain development
* May lead to long-term vulnerability

Question 8

Theories of Schizophrenia (Expressed Emotion (EE)):

Answer 8

Expressed Emotion (EE)
* Returning to highly critical or emotionally intense families increases risk of relaps