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Caleb's Step 1 > March 12 > Flashcards

March 12 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Neurocysticercosis

A

From ingestion of Taenia solium eggs
In Central and Souther America
cause for seizures at otherwise healthy individuals

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2
Q

Pituitary stalk impingement

A

decreased dopamine

increased prolactin

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3
Q

Downs associated caners

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

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4
Q

Site of ADH production

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Site of ADH storage

A

pituitary

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6
Q

Secretin (production? function? response?)

A

produced in duodenal S cells in response to increase H+

promotes HCO3- secretion from pancreas

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7
Q

Gs Pathway

A

increase: adenylate cyclase –> cAMP –> PKA activity

glucagon, TSH, PTH

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8
Q

Increased 2,3 BPG

A

Right Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve

increase O2 unloading at tissues

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9
Q

Right Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve

A

increased: PCo2, [H+], Temperature, 2,3 BPG
decreased: PO2, pH

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10
Q

HbS

A

sickle cell dz

polymerization @ deoxy state

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11
Q

X-linked agammaglobulinema

A

mutation at Burton Tyrosine Kinase

failure of maturation of B-cells, so they are present in bone marrow but not in circulation

increased pyogenic infections (encapsulated bacteria)
increased parasitic infections
increased viral infections

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12
Q

Odds Ratio

A

Dz No Dz
Tx: A B
No Tx: C D

OR= AD/BC
OR = (A/B)/(C/D)
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13
Q

Relative Risk

A

Dz No Dz
Tx: A B
No Tx: C D

RR = (A/(A+B)) / (C/(C+D))

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14
Q

Where does compliment bind IgG

A

Near hinge region of Fc

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15
Q

Where do phagocytes bind IgG

A

at terminal region of Fc

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16
Q

Retroperitoneal organs?

A 
S = suprarenal
A = aorta (abdominal)
D = duodenum (parts 2-4)
P = pancreas (head and body)
U = ureters
C = colon (ascending and descending)
K = kidneys
E = esophagus 
R = rectum
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17
Q

Cannulate Femoral Artery above or below inguinal ligament?

A

BELOW!

if you attempt above and puncture it you can have retroperitoneal bleeding! v. bad

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18
Q

Contents of femoral artery?

A

Lateral - Nerve, Artery, Vein - Medial

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19
Q

Most oxygen rich blood in fetal circulation?

A

umbilical vein –> ductus venosum –> IVC

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20
Q

Glomerular changes in SLE?

A

basement membrane thickening and ‘wire-loop’ changes

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21
Q

Obturator Nerve function?

A

adduction of the thigh

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22
Q

Misoprostol

A

PGE1 agonist

abortive

misoPROSTol and PROSTaglandin

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23
Q

Mifepristone

A

progesteron and glucocorticoid antagonist

abortive

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24
Q

DHFR drugs

dihydrofolate reductase

A

Methotrexate - humans
Trimethoprim (TMP) - bacteria
Pyrimethamine - protazoa

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25
Celecoxib
COX-2 inhibitor Safety: GI>Cardio use in patients with peptic ulcer disease
26
Thyroid Peroxidase
Couples (mono/di) iodotyrosines --> T3 and T4 Oxidation and Organification of iodide Inhibitors: Methimazole and Propylthiouracil (PTU)
27
Methimazole and Propylthiouracil
block thyroid peroxidase prevent oxidation and organification of iodide precent coupling of iodotryosines
28
Troponin C
binds Calcium, induces conformation change in tropomyosin, reveals actin binding site at myosin
29
-mab
monoclonal antibody
30
-nib
kinase inhibitor
31
-cept
receptor molecule decoy
32
Adenomyosis
Endometrial glandular tissue in the myometrium symp: heavy and painful periods demographic: middle aged multiparous women
33
Sirolimus
binds to FKBP to inhibit mTOR --> cell cycle blockage G1-->S inhibits lymphocyte proliferation blocks IL-2 signal transduction (IL-2 --> mTOR activation) - disrupted
34
Rule of 68/95/99
Mean +/- 1 standard deviation = 68% Mean +/- 2 standard deviation = 95% Mean +/- 3 standard deviation = 99%
35
Whooping Cough
Caused by Bordetella pertussis | gram negative coccobacillus
36
Pertussis Toxin
blocks Gi - increased cAMP causes decreased phagocytosis
37
MHC-I structure
Heavy Chain + beta2 microglobulin
38
MHC-II structure
alpha and beta polypeptide chains
39
Organophosphate poisoning
acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEi) ``` B = bronchospasm B = bradycardia S = salivation and sweating L = lacrimation U = urination D = diarrhea G = GI upset E = excitation of skeletal muscle ``` tx: atropine - competitive inhibitor ACh receptor pralidoxime - regenerates AChE
40
Etanercept
TNF-alpha receptor decoy tx: added to methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis
41
Warfarin monitoring
PT/INR
42
Heparin monitoring
PTT
43
Lowest PVR (Pulmonary Vascular Resistance)
at FRC (functional residual capacity) end of normal (not forced) expiration
44
Least oxygenated blood in the body?
at coronary sinus which receives blood from coronary veins myocytes are excellent at extracting 02
45
Purely ketogenic amino acids
Lysine and Leucine converted directly to Acetyl-CoA so no lactic acid production pts with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
46
Where is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus located and what is it's function?
Midbrain Pupillary Light Reflex
47
Gardnerella vaginalis
gray/white discharge fishy odor clue cells = epithelial cells with anaerobic gram variable rods pH>4.5
48
Ezetimibe
decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol at the brush border
49
How to test Concentration?
Serial Sevens | Months of the Year BACKWARDS
50
Vitamin A deficiency symptoms?
Night blindness | hyperkeratosis - dry itchy skin
51
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA | Glycine
52
Copper excretion
heptatic @ bile --> poop
53
Etoposide
Topoisomerase II
54
DNA Pol I
5'-3' exonuclease activity | removes RNA primers
55
Ribavirin
Treatment for HCV (with IFN-alpha) - promotes lethal hypermutation - inhibits RNA polymerase - depletes GTP for defection 5' caps in summary: interferes with duplication of genetic material
56
CRH
ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin
57
Chronic lymphedema
increase risk of lymphangiocarcoma
58
Dihydropyridines effects side effects
-dipines (amlodipine, nifedipine) block voltage dependent L-type calcium channels used for HTN, angina, and Raynaud side effects: peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, gingival hyperplasia
59
Calcium Channel blockers
Vascular Smooth Muscle = vasodilation -dipines>diltiazem>verapamil Heart = decrease contractility verapamil>diltiazem>-dipines
60
Gating of CFTR Channel?
ATP
61
Ethosuximide
Treatment for Absence Seizures MOA: blocks T-type Ca++ channels @ thalamic neurons causing hyperpolarization
62
Heparin
monitor with PTT binds antithrombin III
63
Multiple Sclerosis
Oligodendrocyte depletion decreased myelin Increases IgG @ CSF --> oligoclonal bands
64
Sign of Constrictive Pericarditits
Increased JVP Kussmaul sign Pulsus paradoxus
65
MEN1
Pituitary Tumors (PRL or GH) Pancreatic Tumors gastrinoma, VIPoma Parathyroid adenoma menin = tumor suppressor gene at Chr11
66
MEN2A
Medullary thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Parathyroid hyperplasia RET gene = receptor tyrosine kinase
67
MEN2B
Medullary thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Mucosal neuromas Marfanoid body RET gene = receptor tyrosine kinase

Caleb's Step 1 (16 decks)

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