Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Caleb's Step 1 > March 18 > Flashcards

March 18 Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Same alpha subunit as hCG

A

LH, FSH, TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heteroplasmy

A

Reason mitochondrial diseases have clinical variability

mixture of genetic material cause mt are always fusing and dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Segment of the nephron that is IMPERMEABLE to water (regardless of ADH)

A

ascending loop of Henle

water flows downhill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Strep pneumo

A

gram positive lancet shaped diplococci in pairs

alpha hemolytic
optochin sensitive
bile soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Traumatic Aortic Rupture

A

At Aortic Isthmus due to tethering of Ligamentum arteriosum (just past Left subclavian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Legionella outbreaks

A

colonization of the water supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dermatomyositis is associated with

A

Malignancy

lung, colorectal, ovarian, non-hodgkin lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

MOA of Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

block reuptake of NE and 5-HT

tx: depression, OCD, peripheral neuropathy, chronic pain

ADR: Tri-C’s Convulsions, Coa, Cardiotoxicity, anticholingeric, alpha-1 block –> postural hypotension

OD tx: sodium bicarb to prevent arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tumor Stage and Grade

A

Stage > Grade for prognosis

stage: local tissue invasion, LN involvement, metastasis
grade: cellular description (well differentiated –> anaplastic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rate Control

A

AV nodal blocking drugs

beta blockers
calcium channel blockers

good for tx of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rhythm Control

A

Antiarrhythmics (sotalol, flecainide, amiodarone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Class III Antiarrhythmics

A

Potassium Channel Blockers

A - amiodarone (pulm fibrosis, thyroid)
I - ibutilide
D - dofetilide
S - sotalol

prolong repolarization in cardiac myocytes

prolong AP duration, prolong QT interval

tx: A fib, A flutter, ventricular tachy

ADR: torsades do pointes -> V fib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intracellular electrolyte derangements in CF

A

increased Cl- causes increased Na+ and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is Ca++ elevated in sarcoidosis

A

activation of macrophages –> increased 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity in macrophages –> PTH independent production of 1,25-dihydrovitaminD –> increased intestinal absorption of Ca++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MOA Liver injury in HBV

A

HBsAg and HBcAg are loaded into MHC-I of infected hepatocytes –> CD8+ T-cells –> destruction of hepatocytes

HBV does not have a cytopathic effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Work of breathing in Restrictive vs Obstructive Pulmonary disease

A

Restrictive (Pulmonary Fibrosis) - least work with high RR and low TV - fast and shallow breaths - stiff lungs are hard to distend

Obstructive (asthma, COPD) - least work with low RR and high TV - slow deep breaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Histology of Chronic Lung Transplant Rejection

A

aka Bronchiolitis obliterans

lymphocytic inflammation and destruction of the small airways (bronchioles) –> fibrinopurulent exudate and granulation tissue –> fibrosis and scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Histology of Acute Lung Transplant Rejection

A

perivascular and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypertensive Emergency

A

end-organ damage, papilledema, encephalopathy (altered mental status), acute kidney injury (increased Cr)

tx: Fenoldopam - D1 receptor agonist –> increased cAMP –> vasodilation!!

decreased systemic blood pressure
increased renal perfusion –> increased urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Familial chylomicronemia

A

Familial hypertriglyceridemia due to LPL deficiency

plasma looks milky, forms creamy supernatant, lipemia retinalis (milky appearing retinal vasculature)

risk of Acute Pancreatitis!

no increased risk for CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

A

Ligand gated ION channels

activation (perhaps with ACh at neuromuscular junction) allows:
Na and Ca to flow IN
K+ to flow OUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most common cardiac anomaly in Down Syndrome

A

complete atrioventricular canal defect

failure of endocardail cushion fusion –> ostium primum ASD + VSD + single AV valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

RNA Pol I location and function

A

Nucleolus for rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Negative Skewed Distribution Curve

A

bulk is shifted to right

mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Positive Skewed Distribution Curve
bulk is shifted left mode
26
Croup
Laryngotracheitis Paramyxoviridae - parainfluenza virus barking cough and stridor
27
PFTs for COPD
TLC: increased FEV/FVC: decreased FVC: decreased RV: increased overinflated, can't move air very well
28
Wolff-Parkinson-White
AV conduction tract bypassing AV node - AV accessory pathway short PR Wide QRS delta wave- broad upstroke of QRS
29
Class IA antiarrhythmics
Quinidine, Procainamide, disopyramide Block Na - decrease height of phase 0 Block K - prolong AP @ phase 3 depress phase 0 depolarization
30
Lactase Deficiency
aka Lactose Intolerance osmotic diarrhea decreased stool pH increased stool osmolality increased breath hydrogen content
31
Attachment of Posterior Cruciate Ligament
PCL attaches at medial epicondyle of femur --> intercondylar area PCL is Posterior to ACL
32
Attachment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament
ACL attaches at lateral epicondyl of femur --> intercondylar area ACL is Anterior to PCL
33
Innervation of Anterior 2/3 of tongue
``` Taste = Chorda Tympani of Facial CN VII Sensation = Mandibular of Trigeminal CN V3 Motor = hypoglossal CN XII ```
34
Innervation of Posterior 1/3 of tongue
``` Taste = Glossopharyngeal CN IX Sensation = Glossopharyngeal CN IX Motor = Hypoglossal CN XII ```
35
Causes of High Renin and High Aldo in HTN with low K
Secondary HyperAldo renin-secreting tumor (JG tumor) diuretics malignant HTN
36
Causes of Low Renin and High Aldo in HTN with low K
Primary HyperAldo Aldo producing tumor adrenal hyperplasia
37
Causes of Low Renin and Low Aldo in HTN with low K
Non-Aldo causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia Cushing syndrome exogenous mineralocorticoids
38
Acute dystonic reaction
ADR of D2 antagonists Haloperidol, fluphenazine
39
Causes of Polyhydramnios
Esophageal/Duodenal/Intestinal Atresia Anencephaly (increased risk with anti-epileptics) impaired fetal swallowing OR increased fetal urination due to uncontrolled GDM, parvovirus infection
40
Causes of Oligohydramnios
Renal agenesis, ARPKD impaired fetal urination ``` POTTER sequence Pulm Hypoplasia Oligohydramnios Twisted Face Twisted Skin Extremity defects Renal Failure (in utero) ```
41
Aortic Regurg
Widened pulse pressure --> head bobbing diastolic murmur heard at left sternal boarder
42
Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo
Hydrocephalus (enlargement of the ventricles) due to neuronal loss seen in patients with Neurodegenerative disease (AIDs dementia)
43
Markers of Precursor B-cells
CD19 CD10 TdT - all lymphs
44
Markers of Precursor T-cells
CD1 CD2 CD5 TdT - all lymphs
45
MAOi
Selegiline, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine irreversibly bind MAO and prevent breakdown of amine neurotransmitters (NE, 5-HT, DA) wait 2 weeks for MAO regeneration before starting SSRI must avoid Tyramine containing foods - Wine and Cheese - for else HTN crisis
46
de Quervain thyroiditis
Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis painful enlargement of the thyroid following acute viral illness causes transient hyperthyroid (weeks) followed by hypothyroid (months) --> full resolution biopsy: lymphocytic infiltrate with macrophages and multinucleated giant cells
47
Thiazolidinedione
pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity enters nucleus and binds PPAR-gamma + RXR (retinoid X receptor) --> altered gene transcription increased Fatty Acid uptake Increased adiponectin (secreted by fat tissue, increases insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation) Increased insulin sensitivity (@muscle and liver) decreased TNF-alpha Decreased Leptin
48
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
decreased ADAMTS13 --> vWF multimers --> microvascular thrombi (platelet rich) = impaired vWF cleavage hemolytic anemia with schistocytes thrombocytopenia (increased bleed time with normal PT and PTT) +/- renal failure / acute kidney injury neurologic symptoms like sensory loss
49
Reported measure of case-control study
Exposure Odds Ratio ex. people with Dz and people without Dz vs exposure and non-exposure
50
Reported measure of cohort study and clinical trials
Median Survival those receiving treatment vs placebo
51
Reported measure of cross-sectional study
Prevalence odds ratio prevalence of disease in different populations
52
Inheritance of NF-1
single gene autosomal dominant NF-1 on Chr17
53
Antioxidant enzymes
Superoxide Dismutase Glutathione peroxidase Catalase get rid of ROS --> water + O2 ROS cause lipid peroxidation, protein damage, DNA breaks
54
Acute Epiglottitis
due to Hib infection (Haemophilus influenza type b) dysphagia, drooling, fever, cherry red epiglottis
55
Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis
FasL binds Fas receptor (CD95) -or- TNF-alpha binds TNF --> activation of caspase 8 and 10 occurs in negative selection in thymus
56
Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis
Bcl-2 - antiapoptotic BAX and BAK - proapoptotic Bcl-2 binds cytochromeC, preventing apoptosis p53 activates BAX/BAK - proapoptotic low Bcl-2 allows cytochrome C to bind APAF-1 --> activation of Caspase 9 --> apoptosis
57
Potassium Iodide
given to prevent uptake of radioactive iodine @ thyroid ex. radiation exposure
58
MAO capsaicin
depletion of Substance P --> decreased nociception!
59
Shigella
Gram negative rod Lactose non-fermentor = white colonies on MacConkey agar Oxidase negative no H2S production on TSI agar = not black colonies mucosal invasion is pathogenic mechanism - invades via M cells --> spreads laterally to epithelial cells watery --> bloody and mucus stools Shiga Toxin - inactivates 60S rRNA tx: ampicillin or TMP-SMX
60
Lesion causing Right Homonymous Hemianopia
Left Optic Tract (between optic chiasma and LGN) cannot see things on the right side
61
Decreased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
CML t(9:22) = BCR-ABL
62
Cells that perform glycolysis and only sometimes produce ATP?
RBCs can do glycolysis to produce ATP -or- skip ATP production to produce 2,3-BPG - allows for increased O2 delivery to tissues increased 2,3-BPG with RIGHT shift
63
Wide Fixed splitting of S2 regardless of inspiration
ASD can result in Eisenmenger syndrome - irreversible changes to pulmonary vessels
64
Secreted with neurophysins
ADH and oxytocin
65
Effects of Nitrates
vascular smooth muscle relaxation (veno>arterial) reduced preload = decreased LV end-diastolic pressure and volume reduced afterload due to arterial vasodilation
66
MOA Verapamil and Diltiazem
Block Ca Channels slow phase 4 depolarization @ SA and AV nodes treatment for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
67
Screening for THF-alpha inhibitors
Must be evaluated for latent TB TNF-alpha allows cell-mediated immunity - keeps latent TB in check infliximab, etanercept
68
Phentolamine
alpha-1 blocker counteracts NE vasoconstriction, like if a pt is getting NE infusion and infusion site turns pale
69
ADR of Methotrexate
``` oral and GI ulcers hair loss pancytopenia hepatotoxicity (hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis) pulmonary fibrosis ``` rescue with leucovorin!
70
MOA Diabetic Neuropathy
diabetic microangiopathy (due to endoneural arteriole hyalinization) --> nerve ischemia aka vessels undergo non-enzymatic glycosylation --> narrowing and hyalinization
71
PrP
causes Prion Dz in beta-pleated sheet conformation see spongiform transformation of gray matter on biopsy
72
Nerve carrying Pleuritic Chest Pain
Phrenic innervates Parietal Pleura @ mediastinum and diaphragm
73
Primary TB
lower lobe calcified LN small fibrosis Ghon complex
74
Secondary TB
cavitary lesion in the Upper Lobe -aka- apical cavitary lesion

Caleb's Step 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions