Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Caleb's Step 1 > March 22 > Flashcards

March 22 Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Origin cells of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

A

Proximal rental tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What Vitamin do exclusively breast fed babies need supplemented?

A

Vitamin D !

Also K but they get a K shot at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

A

Type II Hypersensitivity

IgM/IgG bind foreign cells –>
opsonization and phagocytosis or
complement mediated cell lysis

symp: fever, chills, hypotension, dyspnea, chest/back pain, hemoglobinuria (red/brown urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

12th rib fracture

A

kidney damage

kidney is immediately deep to 12th ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what ribs overlie the spleen

A

Left 9th, 10th, 11th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fructose-6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate

A

Transketolase

generates NADPH

NADPH for glutathione antioxidant
NADPH for fatty acid, cholesterol, steroid synthesis

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD also generates NADPH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thayer-Martin Media

A 
Contains: 
vancomycin - inhibits gram +
colistin=polymyxin - inhibits gram -
nstatin - inhibits fungi 
trimethoprim - inhibits proteus

grows Neisseria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Areas of the brain for Deep Brain Stimulation for medically intractable Parkinson Symptoms

A

Subthalamic nucleus
globus pallidus internus

inhibiting there results in thalamo-cortical disinhibition and improved mobility

globus pallidus internus is inhibitory - puts the breaks on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complication of Measles

A

days: encephalitis
weeks: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
years: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (symp: ataxia, myoclonus, visual problems - biopsy shows RNA virus with hemagglutinin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intraabdominal Infections (bugs)

A

usually polymicrobial

E. coli
B. fragilis

2 most commonly isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

bacteriocidal inhibition of 30S rRNA

Gentamicin, Neo/Tobra/StreptoMYCIN

good for severe gram - rod infections

ADR: nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuromuscular blockade, teratogen

resistance: bacterail enzymes that acetylate, phosphorylate, adenylate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tetracyclines

A

bacteriostatic inhibition of 30S rRNA

Tetra/doxy/minoCYCLINE

Chlamydia, borrelia burgdorferi, Myco pneumoniae

ADR: teeth and bones in children, photosensitivity, GI distress, ‘teratogen’

resistance: decreased uptake, increased efflux with transport pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ADRs of TB Treatment

A

Rifampin - GI, rash, red/orange fluids
Isoniazid - neurotoxic (give B6), hepatotoxic
Pyrazinamide - hepatotoxic, hyperuricemia
Ethambutol - optic neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is CO preserved in chronic aortic regurg

A

LV hypertrophy and increased LV stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Regular Insulin

A

starts in 30 min
peaks in 2-4 hours
lasts 5-8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

A

Triad:

Autonomic Instability (hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia)
Altered Mental Status (agitation/confusion)
Neuromuscular Hypersensitivity (tremor, hyperreflexia, myoclonus)

usually occurs when there is a combo of MAOi + SSRI/SNRI/TCS

Linezolid has MAOi properties, can also do this in the treatment of MRSA

tx: cyproheptadine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Complication of neonatal oxygen supplementation

A

retinal neovascularization that extends into the vitreous (occurs due to local hyperoxia which upregulates VEGF)

aka retinopathy of prematurity

aka retrolental fibroplasia

retinal detachment and blindness are further complications of the neovascularization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Membranous Glomerulopathy

A

Nephrotic

glomerular capillary wall thickening without an increase in cellularity

with silver methenamine stain: irregular spikes protruding from GBM (immune complex deposition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Winters Formula

A

Used to determine respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis

Predicted PCO2 = [1.5(HCO3-) + 8] +/- 2

if measured PCO2>Predicted then concomitant respiratory acidosis

if measured PCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cyanide Toxicity

A

from Nitroprusside infusions

symp: altered mental status, seizures, lactic acidosis, bright red venous blood)

tx: sulfur donors - Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Nitrite
Hydroxycobalamin - allows for urinary excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A

occurs with rapid destruction of cancers with rapid cell turnover (lymphoma, leukemia, etc)

huge cell lysis –> hyperkalemia and arrhythmia AND hyperurecemia

tx: aggressive hydration, allopurinol, rasburicase (reduces uric acid levels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
Carbamazepine
Barbiturates
Phenytoin
Rifampin
Griseofulvin
St. John's wort
Modafinil 
Cyclophosphamide
A

CYP INDUCERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q 
Amiodarone
Cimetidine
Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin)
Clarithromycin
Azoles
Grapefruit Juice
Isoniazid
Ritonavir
A

CYP INHIBITORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Paraaminohippuric Acid (PAH)

A

~RPF

is filtered from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space - FILTRATION: cannot be saturated

So at any given concentration a constant proportion of PAH is filtered

it is also secreted into the PCT - SECRETION: carrier enzyme mediated and can be saturated ex. PAH max secretion is 80mg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Vagal maneuver
Carotid Sinus Massage, Valsalva, cold water immersion Carotid sinus massage afferent via glossopharyngeal efferent via vagus nerve --> SA and AV nodes increases vagal PNS tone --> slowed conduction through AV node and prolonged AV nodal refractory period terminates supraventricular tachycardia
26
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
sudden, painless, permanent monocular blindess pale retina cherry red macula (has seperate blood supply)
27
Glomus tumor
bluish neoplasm underneath the nail bed glomus body = vasculature and smooth muscle cells that shunt blood flow away from skin surface @ cold to prevent heat loss thermoregulatory
28
Pterion
junction of frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones fractures here risk laceration of Middle Meningeal Artery --> Epidural Hematoma (lens shaped) Middle meningeal artery is a branch of the Maxillary Artery external carotid --> maxillary --> middle meningeal
29
Splenic artery (origin and branches)
celiac artery --> splenic artery --> (pancreatic, short gastric, Left gastroepiploic) --> spleen organ gastric tissue supplied by short gastric A. (the fundus of the tummy) is vulnerable to ischemic injury with splenic artery occlusion
30
Breast Dimpling is a sign of breast carcinoma invasion of the ___?
Suspensory ligament of the breast aka Cooper ligament
31
Acetyl-CoA regulation of Pyruvate metabolism
Excess Acetyl-CoA (from fatty acid oxidation) promotes Pyruvate Carboxylase: pyruvate --> OAA --> glucose inhibits Pyruvate Dehydrogenase: pyrivate --> Acetyl-CoA --> energy! Acetyl-CoA is pro-gluconeogenesis Acetyl-CoA is anti-TCA cycle
32
Golgi Tendon Organ
at the junction of muscle and tendon detect active muscle contraction (insensitive to passive stretching of muscle) if too much contraction occurs (too much force on the tendon) --> inhibition of muscle contraction! muscle relaxes to prevent tendon rupture
33
McCune-Albright syndrome
Mosaicism constitutive activation of Gs Precocious puberty, unilateral cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (bones look like clouds on xray) lethal as a germline mutation survivable due to mosaicism
34
Kallmann Syndrome
Defective migration of GnRH cells and formation of olfactory bulb anosmia (poor sniffer) failure to complete puberty due to decreased GnRH --> decreased FSH and LH
35
Buprenorphine
partial opioid agonist, binds with high affinity and can prevent/dislodge bound opioids acts as receptor antagonist in the presence of full opioid agonists can precipitate withdrawal used in conjunction with methadone
36
Methadone
opioid with long half life used to decrease symptoms of withdrawal without giving a 'high'
37
Nalaxone
Narcan can reverse opioid overdose
38
Naltrexone
long-acting opioid antagonist, prevents relapse can be used in recovering narcotic addiction or alcoholic
39
Gram negative rod lactose fermenting indole positive
E. coli
40
Gram negative rod lactose fermenting indole negative
Enterobacter cloacae
41
Topical Vitamin D analogs
Calcipotriene Calcipotriol Calcitriol Tacalcitol activate Vitamin D receptor which is a nuclear transcription factor --> inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation tx for psoriasis
42
Auer Rods
APML myeloblasts - large cells with abundant basophilic cytoplasm with auer rods that stain for (myelo)peroxidase
43
Baclofen
GABA-B agonist tx for spasticity @ brain and spinal cord disease (MS patients)
44
Digoxin effects on ANS
increases parasympathetic tone --> inhibition of AV node --> decreased HR
45
Cromolyn
inhibit mast cell degranulation independent of the stimulus (prevents exocytosis of preformed histamine vesicles) second line therapy for asthma
46
polyribosylribitol phosphate
PRP component and virulence factor of Haemophilus influenae type b capsule Hib is the most common cause of epiglottitis (fever, stridor, dyspnea)
47
Paradoxical embolism
originate in the systemic circuit --> intracardiac shunt --> arterial circulation --> stroke intracardiac shunts: patent foramen ovale ASD - wide fixed splitting S2 (no change with inspiration VSD
48
wide splitting S2 that does not change with respiration
Atrial Septal Defect
49
Diastolic decrescendo murmur that decreases with nitrates
aortic regurg - gets better with decreased afterload
50
ejection systolic murmur that increases on standing
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (worsens due to increased LV outflow tract obstruction)
51
ejection systolic murmur that decreases with standing
aortic stenosis
52
pre-systolic murmur that disappears with atrial fibrillation
mitral or tricuspid valve stenosis
53
last systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click
mitral valve prolapse
54
Botulinum toxin
inhibits ACh release from the presynaptic nerve - blockade can be overcome via facilitation nicotinic blockade: flaccid paralysis (diplopia, dysphagia) muscarinic blockade: dry mouth (hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, etc) 3 D's: Diplopia, Dysphagia, Dysphonia tx: antitoxin
55
Reactive Arthritis
Urethritis, Conjunctivitis, Arthritis can't pee, can't see, can't climb a tree associated with HLA-B27 from infections with Chlamydia, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile
56
Myotonic Dystrophy
trinucleotide repeat disease (CTG) myotonia (sustained muscle contraction) muscle weakness and atrophy (esp Type 1 fibers) cataracts frontal balding and gonadal atrophy
57
Atypical depression
leaden paralysis - arms/legs feel heavy mood reactivity - feel better with positive events rejection sensitivity - hypersensitive to criticism
58
Treatment for Atypical Depression (and treatment-resistant depression)
MAOi: Phenelzine, Selegiline, Tranylcypromine inhibit MAO deamination of 5-HT, NE, DA ADR: serotonin syndrome, HTN crisis
59
Latissimus dorsi
Innervation: Thoracodorsal N. Actions: extension, adduction, medial rotation humerus
60
CREST syndrome
Calcinosis - Ca deposition in soft tissue Raynaud Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly - thickening and tightening of skin @ fingers and toes Telangiectasia pulmonary arterial hypertension --> cor pulmonale anti-centromere antibodies
61
Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
``` Lithium Valproate Quetiapine Carbamazepine Lamotrigine - good for depression prevention ```
62
Diastolic Heart Failure
Normal LV Ejection Fraction Normal LV End-Diastolic Volume Increased LV filling pressure impaired relaxation: ischemic/fibrotic myocardia ventricular wall stiffness: amyloid deposition, hypertrophy
63
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
'thin curvilinear areas of lucency that parallel the bowel wall lumen' areas of lucency are gas occurs in preterm infants
64
anti-inflammatory that does NOT impair platelet aggregation
Celecoxib - COX 2 selective
65
Secretin
S cells duodenum --> increased pancreatic secretion of bicarb by pancreatic duct cells released in response to high H+ in the duodenum
66
ADR of mannitol
can cause pulmonary edema
67
Ureter is immediately anterior to
internal iliac artery
68
Ureter is immediately posterior to
gonadal vessels
69
Friedreich Ataxia
kyphoscoliosis high plantar arch degeneration of the spinocerebellar tract and lateral corticospinal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure trinucleotide repeat (GAA) of frataxin gene Chr9 Frat bro thats always staggering and falling but has a sweet big heart ``` Frataxin Staggering gait frequent falls diabetes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ```
70
gliosis
astrocytes
71
LH | FSH
LH --> Leydig --> Testosterone | FSH --> Sertoli --> inhibin B and ABG
72
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
microthrombi in small blood vessels after infection with E. coli O157:H7 or Shigella
73
as RBCs bind O2 they release
H+ and CO2 #Haldane effect
74
S1-S2
tie you shoe | achilles
75
L3-L4
kick the door | patellar
76
C5-C6
pick up sticks | biceps
77
C7-C8
lay them straight | triceps

Caleb's Step 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions