Marx

Question 1

communist manifesto

Answer 1

o 1848
o Commisoned by communist leagye- small internat rev orgination
o Serve as a political programme rally proletariat to rev action through distilling key principles of historical materialism and class struggle
o Published on eve of 1848 euorpean rev- not direct impact
o Response to time of econ crisis and increasing lcass tension

Question 2

critique of the goths programme date

Answer 2

1875

Question 3

critique of the gotha programme context

Answer 3

o Response to the draft platform of unified german workers party
o Formed when eisenachers- aligned with marx and engels, merged with lassalleans
o Lassalleans called for socialist reform using state as it exists
o Contradict marx hope for rev and state ultimately wither away

Question 4

Paris manuscripts brief context

Answer 4

• economic and philosophic manuscripts
  o of 1844
  o young
  o paris in 1840s hotbed socialist, communist and radical thought exposing marx to a wide range of thinkers and workers movements
  o still working w Hegelian framwork

Question 5

influence on religion

Answer 5

o Ludwig fuerbach mateirlaist humanism influenced his criqtieu of religion and idealism
 Marx believed f lacked historical and econ analysiss

Question 6

econ influence

Answer 6

o Classical political economy – adam smith, ricardo james mill
 Concept of labour as source of vakue
 Critqued acceptance of capitalist categories
 Although they talked about private property which marx rejected

Question 7

18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon date

Answer 7

1852

Question 8

18th brumaire

Answer 8

o Dissects coup d’etat of dec 2 1851 in which louis apoleom bonaptarte siexed power and established himself as emperor napoleon iii ending second fr republic
o Fr rev 1848- leading to abdication of king liuis philippe and proclamation of second drepulc
 Opened a brief democratic experiemnet but exposed deep class conflicts
June days uprising 1848

Question 9

June days uprising 1848

Answer 9

 Parisian workers rose up in protest after closure of national workships
 Bourgiois led republican gov violently crushed the revolt
 Marked the split between bourgeois liberlalism and working class socialism
 Louis- napoleon- elected president of republic dec 1848 w massive popular support esp peasantry
* After a power struggle w national assembly, he staged a coup on dec 1851 disosolev legislature and declaring himself emperor year later

Question 10

date 18th

Answer 10

Title ref 18th bruumaire date in fr rev calender- date napoleon Bonaparte oup of 1799

Question 11

the preface to a crityiq eo political economy

Answer 11

1859

Question 12

preface context

Answer 12

o Present theory of historical materialism- econ is underlying motive force of history
 State always reflects the economic base that supports it- cannot leap out of history and build new state if econ base not tehre
o Writing after defeat of 1848 rev during time reactionary stability
o Hopes for imminent rev cooled- more systemstic long term intellectual project
o Poorly received at tiem

Question 13

German ideology date

Answer 13

1845-6

Question 14

German ideology

Answer 14

o Where reject german idealist phil esp Hegelianism – young Hegelians bauer and stirner
o Begin to formultae historical mayeiralism
o Lived in brussels at time, engels joined him
o Published posthumously in 20thc

Question 15

capital date

Answer 15

1867

Question 16

capital context

Answer 16

o Writing largely. In London
o Deeply engaged in workrs movement co founded first international
 Hoping capital would equiop workers with the intellectual tools to understand and transform their world

Question 17

Marx personal context

Answer 17

o Friends with engels 1844 onwards
 Engels father cotton mill Manchester
 Highlight contrst own wealthy capitalist family and working class
o Jorunralist- newspapers like Rheinische Zeitung- expose flaws of capitalist system- poverty exploitation and unhappiness

Question 18

hist context

Answer 18

• Idealist romantic, opp dark satanic mills engels saw in Manchester
• Marx finding way thorugh intellectualism and industrialism
• Concern for the humanity of individuals
  o Labour
  o Consciousness needed for a revolt to be successful, if not reb fail
• German clasicla phil

Question 19

get classical phil

Answer 19

o Evolved kant fichte hegel fueerbach
o Shaping ideaas of human autonomy historical change and idealism to materialism
o Deeply rooted in belief of self-constructed reality as world inc religion is shaped y human consciousness

Question 20

kant

Answer 20

o Only know phenomena not things in themslesve s
o Humans understanding of he world is shaped solely by the way they interact with the world around them rather than by concepts or diea
o Founded german idealism as a concept calling his own phil ‘transcendental ideialsm’

Question 21

Fichte

Answer 21

o ‘I’ creates the world rhough activity
o The person does not just reieve experience, it actively produces the world trhough its won activity
o Human conscouness is something that develops thourgh it s own activity in the world as a participant shaping reality
o Applicable to working class suggest they can change course of history as actions hold power rather than simply following aa predetermined plan

Question 22

hegel

Answer 22

o Concept of dialectcics toe xplain the process of historical change
o Explain that everyting history society and reality develops through internal contradictions and their resolution
 Thesis, antithesis synthesi
o As soc evolve express more fully the freedom and self-awareness sof spirit (geist) oevrocming those contradictions
o History is rational nec process by which spirit comes to now itself
o ‘all that is real is rational’
o What truly exists is not accidental- it has a rational prpose in the unfolding or progression of history

Question 23

Feuerbach

Answer 23

o Young eheglians – used hegel methods critique religion anf soc from materilast secular perspetciev
o Writing 1830s-40s- during decline Hegelian phil and irse of radical ger thought
o Bridging gap hegel to marx
o Inverted hegels ideas when discussing religion

Question 24

f inverted hegel

Answer 24

 Saw religion as projection of human essence ashuman love and interconnection mistakenly alienated into the divine form
 Describe dalienation but not social and econ causes
 Focused on ideas and human essence rather class stuggle and material production

Question 25

engels

Answer 25

o Marx taken by engels essay 1844- outlines of a critique of political economy  Aks q of how achieve the reconciliation fo mankind w nature and with itself

Question 26

Marx situated in classical Germany Phil

Answer 26

o What f failed to realise whilist alienation may exist in rleigiosu context also occur more broadly due to the capitalist system  Labourers felt more detached form their work o Others more phil and idealist rather than pratcial and material

Question 27

others more Phil and idealist

Answer 27

 ‘phil critiques’ could only produce ‘an emancipation in the mind’  For true social change a ‘social rev’ was needed  //dialectics 18th Brumaire if not inc

Question 28

French context

Answer 28

o Conception of utopian system likely influenced by radical fr socialists uch as saint-simon who beliebed that the state should ultimaey be an administratie rather ghan political agency - Perfoming a necfuntion such as organising econ for public good o

Question 29

themes

Answer 29

problems with capitalism- formation, power dynamics, private property, alienation human nature utopia/blueprint for state revolution

Question 30

formation of capitalist society- origins

Answer 30

 ‘capitalistic society has gorwn out o fthe economic structure of the feudal society’- capital  As the ‘dissolution of the latter set free the elemenst of the former’ workers became ‘a free seller of labour power’ becoming ‘unattached’ proletarians on the lanour makret’  Situation further exacerbated by ‘the great feudal lords’ who ‘created an incomparably larger proletariat’

Question 31

shift to larger proletariat

Answer 31

* Through the ‘forcible driving of the peasantry from the land’ into mor eindustrial areas * Movement of peoples support wool industry- ‘ris ein price of wool in england’ * Power of capitalist class in dictating the actions and movement of the proletariat prioritising profit over people * Remove land form subjects

Question 32

remove land from subjects

Answer 32

o - restoration of monasteries, o Glorious rev o ‘thefts of state lands’ o ‘enclosures of the common’ o 19thc ‘the ery memory of the connexion between the agri labourer and the communal propetry’ had ‘vanished’ suggesting fuedla system had supported the human need for community

Question 33

stages of capitalism

Answer 33

 Primitive accumulation of capital, formal subsumption of labour, real subsumption of labour (work process mechanised,industrialisation), mature capitalism(every stage commodified- labour, raw materials, capitals- value added), comp environ,

Question 34

power dynamics

Answer 34

 German ideology- ‘in every epoch the ideas of the ruling clsss are the ruling ideas’  ‘the dominant mateirla power’ that ruled through exploitation supported by ‘the state’ to do so  Class linked accumulation of capital power through the state

Question 35

class power dynamics

Answer 35

* Fixed construct, subordinated to these groupings ‘their living conidions [are] already preestablished’ as are ‘their position in life’ and ‘their personal development’ * Problem capitalism ‘its beginnings are coercive’ * ‘politicla power’ ‘is merely he organized power of one class for oppressing another’ * Signif as ‘politics was the central theatre on which human life was played out’

Question 36

linked to accumulation of capital

Answer 36

* ‘the accumulation of capital presupposes surplus value’ and ‘surplus value presupposes capitalist production’ * ‘capitalist production presupoosed the pre-exisetnce of considerable masses of capital and of labour’ creating a ‘vicious circle’ * One needs capital to invest in productive capacity

Question 37

power through the state

Answer 37

* ‘assert and validate heir common interests’ * Eng b used state to ‘regulate wages’ ‘to force them within the limits suitable for surplus value making’ and ‘to lengthen the working day’ * trade unions supression

Question 38

tu supression

Answer 38

* Later in 19thc eng and 18thc fr b sought to make it challenging for wokrers to strike or form trade union o Fr ‘coalition of the workers’ was punishable with a ‘fine fo 500 livres’ and the ‘deprivation of the rights of an active citizen for one year’

Question 39

private property

Answer 39

coercive’ beginnings were ‘centered on a fundamental shift of ownershop of the emans of production away form the direct producers’ from the communal and trowsrds he private  Private property divsiions between classes

Question 40

private property divisions. between classes

Answer 40

* Wealthy b individ own productive capacity land and factories dictate woring conditions and pay- oens who e mploy, necessitate sumnission by the proletariat to hem * The proletariat- broken down feudal society and loss of communal property only left with labour to sell, not able to afford their ‘means of production’ give power those who do own private property * As long as there is ‘power over individ’ ‘private property msut exist’

Question 41

alienation

Answer 41

 ‘worker relates to the product of his labour as to an alien object’ suggest a distance between the worker and his achievements  The ‘product of his labours’ should be proud of not removed from  ‘labour is external to the worker’  ‘everything is deifne dby its functions’- airtsotle - commodified

Question 42

everything is defined by its functions

Answer 42

* So if ones work should define themslevs, means of satisfaction and enjoyment ones ‘life-activity’ * Alienanted unnatural * Ger ideology mode of production must not be considered simply as being the production of the physical existence of the individuals' * and that 'rather it is a definite form of activity of these individuals, a definite form of expressing their life, a definite mode of life on their part'5 * that 'what they are coincides with their production, both with what they produce and how they produce'6

Question 43

commodified

Answer 43

man- capitalism had ‘resolved personal worth into exchange val’e' humans only valued by eocn productive output in financial terms raher thanb y personal traits make human * Om john mill

Question 44

on John mill

Answer 44

credit no longer analyses money value into money but into human flesh o he man that has no credit not only has the simple judgement passed on him that o he is poor, but also the moral judgement that he possess no trust or recognition, this is a social pariah, a bad man'1 o as an equivalence its being is no longer its own

Question 45

alienation mechanised

Answer 45

 Due to ‘extensive use of manchiner, division of lab, work of the proletarins ahd lost all individ character so all charm fo rth eworkan * Loss personality and personal touch on products

Question 46

alienation metaphor

Answer 46

 Workers described ‘soldiers’ and ‘slaves’ * Slaeves to state * Live in ‘realm of necesisty’ to exist not joy satisfaction – anti-dhring engels (response to antimarxian critics)

Question 47

human consciousness

Answer 47

mans conscuosness changes with eveyr change in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relation’ * Conception of human consciousness was rooted in his materialistic view of soc and history * Experience of those libing in contemp ger fr eng dictated by class * the nature of individuals depends on the * material conditions determining their production ger ideology enegels

Question 48

human conscouenss- get ideoogy

Answer 48

life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life’

Question 49

human consciousness Engels

Answer 49

 Engels f - matter is not a product of the  mind, but the mind itself is merely the highest product of matter

Question 50

human nature

Answer 50

o At odds with capitalist society- estranged o ‘the human essence of nature is there only for social man’ o ‘mans activity and enjoyment’ ‘their mode of existence are social activity and social enjoyment’ o Sought the ‘reconciliation of mankind with nature and with itself- engels

Question 51

utopia blueprint for state

Answer 51

initially support of democracy? leisure meaning of state leap critique of gotta private property wanted state wither away

Question 52

state wither away

Answer 52

 Capitalism had seeds of own desturctuion  Hence politics cannot be solution as no state  In critique of phil of right 1843 reject idea that state inherently rational

Question 53

critique of Phil Hegel

Answer 53

of phil of right 1843 reject idea that state inherently rational * Hegel inverted reality, viewing the state as abstractly rational rather than grounded in material class based coditons * Political power not enuetral or rational- it’s the organised pwer of one class over another * Only communism can relaise genuine human freedom

Question 54

initially supportive of democracy

Answer 54

 Critique of hegel phil of right * Democracy ideal form of gov to allow people to be free * Democracy is the constitution of the species * The solution to the riddle of all constitutions * In a democracy the constitution, the alw and the sate itself are only a self determination of the people and a particular content of them * in unrestricted suffrage civil society has actually raised itself for the first time to an * abstraction of itself, to political existence as its true universal existenc

Question 55

idea of state

Answer 55

o State ideological power raher institution  Was real and ratinoal with feudalism no longer anymore

Question 56

leisure freedom

Answer 56

 German ideology- indivdi do ‘ust as’ they ‘wish’ perhaps ‘to go hunting in the morning and fishing in the afternoon ‘  Where people live ‘each according to his ability, to each according to his needs’  Society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another thing tomorrow,

Question 57

leap

Answer 57

o ‘leap’ from realm o fnecessity to realm of freedom- engels  End goal- aritsotle historical change  Only take place w rev dictatorship of proletariat

Question 58

critique of gotta programme- utopia

Answer 58

 State converted ‘from an organ superimposed upon soc, into one completely subordinate to it * State/soc dictated and ruled by proletariat universal class mad eup society

Question 59

private property over communal ownership- utopia

Answer 59

 Centralisation of ‘credit in the hands of the state’ thorug h a ‘national bank ‘ ‘means of comnuication and transport’ ‘factories ad sintruments of production’  Communal ownership component of marx’s ‘higher plahse of communism activity’

Question 60

higher phase of communism

Answer 60

 Communal ownership component of marx’s ‘higher plahse of communism activity’ * Alienation overcome as ‘labour has becoe no t only a means of life but life’s prime want’ * More in tune with social human nature * Fr socialist link * Higher phase part of dialectic process

Question 61

revolution

Answer 61

rejected Hegel revolution mechanism need right time conditions

Question 62

rev rejected Hegel

Answer 62

 Rejected idea that proletarian liberation could come from abstract concepts like ‘self-consciousness’  arguing instead that true emancipation required material transformation- changes in industry, commerce and productive forces  man is not alienated due to lack of self-awareness, but because he is estranged from the material world- his labour, its products and the means of production

Question 63

revolution aim

Answer 63

 ‘let the ruling classes tremble at a cocmmunistic rev’ had ‘nothing to ose byut their chains ‘ , they have a wolrd to win  estrangement ‘naturally be superdeded’ by a rev against an ‘intolerable force’ the borugsoisei which has ‘created a mass of men entirely without propetry’  rev- ‘practical materialists’, the comm task was ‘to revolutionsie the existing world, to seize and trasnfrom existing thinsg practically’

Question 64

mechanism of revolution

Answer 64

practical ‘ rev distniguieshed from Feuerbach * Marx wrote in his german ideology ‘such intuitions are sometimes never found in fueerbahc’ ‘they never go beyond isolated hunches’ ‘ * F wanted to establish a consciouess nthat humnas ‘need one another and always have’ * Real communists like marx ‘matter of overthrowing this existing tsate of affairs’ o ‘positive superseding of pirvate property’ ‘of human self-estrangement’ as ‘complete and cosncous return of man to himself as a social ‘human being’  Need to take control of politics, sweep away by force the odl consitions of production

Question 65

political revolution

Answer 65

 Leap from ‘real of nec to the realm of freedom ‘  Was to be conducted by ‘proletariat alone’ the ‘rev class’ * Need unity witin those * The real fruit of their battles lifes in the ever expanding union of the workers * Workers strike * Uniy ‘trade unions’ * ‘organisation of proletarian into a class’ which becomes a ‘politcial party’ as ‘every class struggle is a political struggle * Or in luddite, smashing ‘to pieces machinery’

Question 66

need right time/conditions

Answer 66

 Communist manifesto- ger ‘eve of a b rev’ ‘p rev’ imemdiagtely afterwards * Idela as heavily industrialised * Meaning the p not only increases in mumebr but also becomes conc in greater masses and its strnetth grows  Dialectic ideas/changes of history trhough time  Moving towards an end point- state withering away  ‘men make theiw on history’ do so ‘not just as they pelase’ btu within limits of conistions ‘given and transmitted from the past’18th

Question 67

men do not make their own history

Answer 67

do so ‘not just as they pelase’ btu within limits of conistions ‘given and transmitted from the past’18th * Material conditions important * Dialectics/historicsl change move from lower to higher o Each time epoch rational thing comes to end, each time end then o Reactions to material relations, contradictions overcome o As read history clashes produce next stage- lowe rto higher, history always progressing teleological * Pattern is predictable, effects expect

Question 68

patterns predictable

Answer 68

effects expect – farce exampels steeped irony as they don’t know that ust repeating history o 18th histoideas eng rev bourgeois class predetermined

Question 69

predetermined

Answer 69

 But as this process is predetermined and following course of history, rev only happen at the right time ie fr rev and eng rev not the right time

Question 70

18th brumaire

Answer 70

histoideas had to change even as st pchage problems persist – louis napolron nonapatre  Emperor rose to power wih suppory f peassntry  But then ruled without them in b manner  Used army close down palirmanetary nayional assembly  e bourgeois order has become a vampire that sucks out its blood and brains and throws them into thealchemistic cauldron of capital'16  , denoting that within this state of necessity the bourgeoisie not only dominated industry but were able to dominate government in various different forms, notjust via direct rule, resulting in a sad and oppressed existence for the rest of societ

Question 71

eng rev

Answer 71

Cromwell hope, rmeoed monarch something more progressive for people, ultimately called back parliamengt and still n

Question 72

bourgeoise rev

Answer 72

want to have suffrage, if they have the vte that would set them free- reality need to detsory completely political system  Get electe dthemn destroy from inside out  That would be a b rev, but p rev fundamentally diff in magteiralist terms, works with humam nature and is product dialectic process o Lumpenproletariat-

Question 73

lumpenproletariat

Answer 73

downrtoden, homeless tramps, lack conscipusness ‘swamp flower’  Fr peasantry not viable tool rev needed destiny end seek enrich hemslevs o Still jroueing trhough purgatory