MCQs Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Lengthier sentences tend to increase _________
A
recidivism
2
Q
Which of the following statements are TRUE?
A
-True statement:
incarceration is ineffective in dettering offenders from reoffending
-False statement:
retributive justice aims to reduce criminal conduct by means of imprisonment and isolation(this refers to incapacitation)
the length of prison terms has decreased over time(increased)
rehabilitation has led to increased victim participation within the criminal justice system(retributive justice)
3
Q
Which of the following goals of sentencing is motivated by the theory of ‘just deserts’?
A
Retributive justice(morally driven with idea that one’s crime should be proportionately with the levels of punishment)
4
Q
Which of the following outcomes are NOT possible in a target-present lineup?
A
A correct rejection(can’t correctly reject if the target is present )
5
Q
In a single-suspect lineup, if an eyewitness selects an innocent suspect what is this referred to as?
A
A false identification
6
Q
The following questioning from the McMartin case is an example of _______
I: Can you remember the naked pictures?
C: (Shakes head “no”)
I: Can’t remember that part?
C: (Shakes head “no”)
I: Why don’t you think about that for a while, okay? Your
memory might come back to you.
A
asked and answered
7
Q
Biscuits is terrified of rats. Biscuits and another cat who is not scared of rats each spend 5 minutes alone in a room with a rat in a cage. How will their memory of the experience differ?
A
Biscuits will have poorer recall of peripheral details than the other cat, while their recall of central details will be the same.
8
Q
Which of the following statements are found to be FALSE regarding death qualified jurors
A
they are more likely to favour the defendant’s viewpoint
9
Q
Capital punishment is an effective form of ________ deterrence
A
specific
10
Q
Capital punishment may paradoxically increase homicide rates rather than deter them, this is known as the ___________
A
brutalisation effect
11
Q
The prosecution of parents of school shooters is an example of what kind of deterrent sentencing?
A
general
12
Q
Which of these is NOT a component of Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)?
A
Emotional Catharsis
13
Q
Which sentencing goal relates to the idea that prison conditions should be harsh?
A
retributive justice
14
Q
If your client (i.e., the defendant) was unattractive, which of the following jurors would you want the MOST to be in the jury?
A
Unattractive jurors
15
Q
Which theory accounts for the fact that instructions to disregard pretrial publicity often backfire, making matters worse?
A
theory of ironic processes
16
Q
Which of the following statements are TRUE of cross-examination and its effect on children?
A
cross examination decreases children’s accuracy even when it takes place soon after the event
17
Q
Lawyers use many dissuasion tactics to prevent jurors from being persuaded, the statement: “You have no choice but to acquit the defendant” best relates to which technique?
A
reactance
Forewarning is something like that the opposition will try to persuade you that
inoculation is something like that the defense will try to convince you that the accountant with 20 years of experience simply forgot that balance sheet must be balance
credibility challenges is something like isn’t true your work is regarded poor by your other colleagues
18
Q
According to Zajac, Gross, & Hayne (2005) what percentage of children were found to change their earlier testimony after being cross-examined?
A
75%
19
Q
If a juror lacks the ability to comprehend the evidence presented in court but is highly motivated, they are likely to take the ______ route of processing
A
peripheral
20
Q
A juror’s route of processing information is determined by which of the following two factors?
A
- ability
- motivation
21
Q
Which of the following variable(s) are related to stronger witness confidence in their ability to identify a perpetrator?
A
time and subsequent identification
22
Q
According to the Confidence-Accuracy Calibration, someone who is 100% confident in their identification will typically have _____% accuracy
A
80
23
Q
Which of the following statements are TRUE of Zajac and Karageorge’s (2009) study on children’s lineup performance?
A
-the wildcard option increased children’s accuracy on target absent lineups
-children in the wildcard condition were found to correctly reject the lineup more often
-in the wildcard condition, accuracy rates did not differ for target absent and target present lineups
24
Q
True or false, investigators tend to know if the lineup they are administering is target present or target absent
A
False
25
Facial composites are used to elicit visual identification evidence from witnesses, facial composites rely on __________ construction whereas we tend to use __________ processing
feature-based; configural
26
Which of the following statements are TRUE?
-people are notoriously bad at constructing accurate facial composites, but are better at constructing composites of family members
-in a lineup there is one foil who is the suspected perpetrator
-verbal descriptions tend to be too extensive to be forensically useful or relevant(because it is too brief)
27
Which of the following estimator variables most likely accounts for the higher proportion of black people among those wrongfully convicted (i.e., misidentification)?
stable witness factors(age and ethnicity that comes from own bias like age and ethnicity, which all made her/him difficult to distinguish between two people
28
Which of the following statements are FALSE?
the use of anatomical dolls tends to lead to an increase in errors but also leads to an increase in detail provided( it is false because the use of anatomical dolls does not increase in detail provided, it only leads to error)
29
`"Did he have a knife?" is an example of a _______ question
suggestive(forced chocie will be was it red or black? leading will be, he was carrying the knife, didn't he")
30
Loftus (2005) finds that misinformation effects are easier to obtain when subjects' attentional resources are ______
limited
31
Relative to false memories, true memories show somewhat more activation in the ________
visual cortex
32
Which of the following individual variables would make someone LESS vulnerable to misinformation effects?
Better working memory and higher intelligence score
33
Which of the following statements are TRUE?
in McCloskey & Zaragoza's (1985) modified misinformation paradigm, participants are required to choose between the correct item and a novel item
34
True or false, the Misinformation Effect has been observed in infants
True
35
In Leippe, Wells & Ostrom's (1978) experiment on the effect of salience, the thieved item was either ________ or ________
expensive; trivial
36
What is NOT a problem with the Confidence-Accuracy Relationship?
Confidence tends to get weaker over time and over subsequent identifications( it is not a problem because the confidence tends to get stronger over time and over subsequent identifications)
37
"Studies have yet to find a _____ correlation between interviewer's _____ of appropriate _____ techniques and their actual _______."
reliable; knowledge; questioning; interviewing practice
38
News broke out that the new viral tiktok star has been discovered to be an avid Biscuit hater. You tell your friend about the news, and they say, "I never liked them, they always seemed dodgy for me". You raise your eyebrow at them because in reality, you've never heard your friend talk about the star before.
Your friend has most likely displayed ____ bias.
hindsight
39
Which study is NOT about potential of error in 'Witnessing a Crime'?
Leippe, Wells, & Ostrom (1978) - staged theft for trivial vs. expensive item
Nor for other options(Fraser (2011) - David Bain 111 Call Audio, Payne (2001) - White or Black face priming, Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbank (2002) - Unarmed black people vs. Unarmed white people)
40
Jack, Martyn, & Zajac (2015) used visual aids during an interview. How did this influence participants recall?
Participants provided a greater proportion of accurate information(increase the overall accuracy)
41
Using the modified memory paradigm by Zajac et al., (2016) allows us to determine WHAT about Misinformation?
-That the misinformed response is elicited because the original memory is overwritten or changed.
-That the misinformed response is due to the original memory becoming less accessible.
42
Biscuits is in a jury. As a jury, they take a serious approach to their deliberation task, are critical of eyewitness testimony, and are able to coherently remember the evidence.
According to Cowan et al. (1984) What KIND of jury is biscuits in?
Mixed Death Qualified and Excludable Jury
43
When the same forensic information is given to two different forensic examiners, how often is it said they will reach different conclusions?
10%
44
How are the effects of incapacitation estimated?
Actuarial risk assessment and clinical judgement
45
Multiple Poor Techniques (Garven, Wood, Malpass, & Shaw, 1998) Identified 5 problematic questioning techniques from the McMartin Preschool Case, including:
suggestive question, leading question and referring to other people
46
One study showed that less than 10% of the variance in sentences could be explained by the facts of the case, whereas over half of the variance was explained by ..................
characteristics of the judge
47
The lowest sentences are often given to ........
female offenders by female judges
48
what are there problems with in forensic science?
standardisation, reliability and accuracy and error
49
when the same fingerprint evidence is given to two different examiners, what percentage of the time do they reach different conclusions?
10%
50
In the Zajac & Hayne (2023) study, there was no significant group difference in accuracy between the misled and control children during direct examination when asked about true events.
True
51
What is an example of propitious heterogeneity?
Variation in the physical appearance of lineup members that aids the process of accurate recognition while not biassing the lineup against an innocent suspect
52
cross-examination often includes WHAT that makes it difficult for children?
Leading questions, complex vocabulary, complex syntax, and social pressure
53
In terms of personality variables, several have been shown to be associated with greater susceptibility to misinformation such as.....
empathy, absorption, and self-monitoring.
54
In thinking about these age effects in misinformation, it should probably be emphasized that ___________________ in memory is a phenomenon that occurs with people of all ages, even if it is more pronounced with certain age groups.
suggestion-induced distortion
55
At the beginning of discussions, the jury is leaning in favour of the prosecution. At the end of discussions where will the jury lean, according to which theory?
in favour of the prosecution, because of the group polarisaton hypothesis
56
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of deductive profiling?
information is not specifically relevant to individual case( this is disvantages of inductive)
57
Maya's introduces her friends Jeffrey, Ghislaine and Aubrey to an island that she bought, set up and operates as an exclusive getaway where there are no rules and no phones (true story). When she is later arrested and interrogated, if the officers follow Inbau et al (1986)'s procedure, which of the following would occur during the interview?
The officers make excuses for Maya's actions
58
In the context of arousal/stress, A boy has a phobia of women (a boy named charlie). If a girl comes up to him and starts flirting with him at a party (unlikley). What will he most likely remember about the situation?
He will likely be able to recount a detailed description of the girl that was talking to him and less about his surroundings
59
If researchers were hoping to introduce a false memory to Maya, which of the following would be most likely to be form that false memory?
Give Maya a narrative about how one day at school she violently attacked one of her peers due to a row over Maya's flagrant homosexuality and show her a school photograph alongside this.
60
A study was done where a magic teahcer called "charlie" went into a school and showed kids his magic show. After he leaves half of kids are either interviewed with suggestive questions and the other half is interviewed with the (mcmartin) package questioning style. What do we expect the results to be from these kids?
The kids are more likely to make false accusations against charlie, if the package questioning style was used than the suggestive questioning
61
According to the results from McCloskey et al (1988), what would we expect of Maya's memory of coming out of the closet to her parents?
A clear memory but lack of corroboration with others
62
What is confabulation?
the act of unintentionally creating false memories
63
What is repression according to Freud's psychoanalysis?
unconsciously pushing away difficult thoughts
64
Which method is most effective at identifying truth tellers?
Guilty knowledge test (GKT)
65
Which method is most effective at identifying liars?
The control question test (CQT)
66
Which is NOT a risk factor of Innocence in interrogations?
Fear of being found guilty heightens arousal and causes people to 'act' guilty.
67
What are the risk factors of innocence in interrogation?
people are more likely to waive their rights
overestimate the extent to which their emotions can be seen
they believe the truth will prevail
they are more likely to confess when there is physical evidence
68
which is NOT a disadvantage/advantage of experts in forensic science?
less contextual bias( this is still relevant when the evidence is ambiguous)
69
In Memon, Hope, & Gabbert's (2002) post-lineup questionnaire, what percentage of people are found to expect the target to be present in a lineup?
90
70
TRUE or FALSE: judges can be biased for example male and black offenders are 50% more likely than white or female offenders to receive harsh sentences
True
71
TRUE or FALSE: to be successful general deterrence of crime needs to have a fitting punishment and high likelihood of apprehension
True(must have a fitting punishment and apprehension)
72
discouraging potential offenders from committing crimes is....
general deterrent sentencing
73
TRUE or FALSE: the theory of 'just deserts' motivates retributive justice
True
74
preventing crime by restraining people on the basis that they will continue to engage in illegal activities is what type of incapacitaption
It is selective( not collective because the collective refers to the law)
75
Biscuits tells herself over and over that she is not guilty of stealing the most comfortable place to sit, and she begins to believe this after repeating it so much. What has happened?
Biscuits is experiencing the illusory truth effect
76
Biscuits has forgotten where her favorite toy is. She asks you what factors may alter memory between storage and retrieval. Which is NOT a factor?
the amount of cognition spent on a memory( factors are passage of time, intervening knowledge, and misinformation)
77
Biscuits served on a jury for a recent trial. She says that she and her fellow jurors experienced pre-decisional distortion. What does she mean?
the jurors formed one story early on in the trial and accepted or rejected new evidence based on their origional understanding
78
Biscuits is a federal judge who disagrees with the decision the jury made in one of her recent trials. Which is the most likely difference between Judge Biscuit's opinion and the jury's opinion?
Judge Biscuits is more harsh than the jury(because of federal)
79
Biscuits is on trial for a high profile crime (shocking and dismaying to her many fans).
Which of the following does NOT increase her pre-trial publicity?
whether the case goes to a jury trial or a bench trial in front of a judge
80
Biscuits is interviewing a child using an atomically detailed doll. Which is not something that is the required of the child during the interview?
the child must know the encoding specificity principle
81
if 10 or more jurors are in favour of convicting the defence at the start of a trial the jury will likely convict, why?
group polarisation
82
if the judge has disagreed with a jury in a case, the jury has likely been
more lenient than the judge would've been
83
If Biscuits was trying to remember what she had for lunch, which of these factors helps determine her memory retrieval?
cues that are available during retrieval
84
____ witnesses may make their responses faster than _____ witnesses
Accurate, inaccurate(not confident vs unsure)
85
juries tend to prefer....
verdict-driven deliberation
86
If an investigator needed to interview Biscuits about a crime she witnessed, the investigator should start with which kind of interview question?
open-ended questions
87
TRUE or FALSE: Ziesel & Diamond 1978 found that prosecution lawyers were better at choosing jurors that would side with them than defence lawyers.
FALSE
88
Efran 1974 found...
the majority of people didn't think attractiveness should be taken into juror's accounts,
attractive people caught cheating were rated less guilty than unattractive or those with no photo
89
TRUE or FALSE: Pennington & Hastie suggested the story model and that jurors form one story early on, rejecting or accepting new evidence based on how it fits this story.
False because jurors simultaneously weigh up several stories
90
jurors deciding a verdict based on the coverage & coherence of evidence is....
Story model
91
childrens accuracy during cross-examination tends to be poor mainly because of...
social pressure
92
Which is NOT a mitigating factor to murder?
The offender is in the victim's family(this doesn't lessen the severity of sentence)
93
Zajac & Hayne 2003 cross-examination In the lab found....
-a third of the kids changed all four aspects of their earlier testimony when cross-examined
-85% of kids made at least 1 change to their earlier testimony when cross-examined
94
Which is NOT an aggravating factor to murder?
the offender targeted someone they knew( factors when the crime are highly heinous, cruel, depraved, the victim was highly vulnerable, the crime was procured by payment)
95
telling jurors at the start of a trial what the opposing lawyer's arguments are going to be is called....
forewarning
96
TRUE or FALSE: Experts in a court case are only really helpful if the information is simple enough for jurors to understand
False, they can still use the peripheral processing when the messages are complex
97
If you do a lineup where you identify a suspect, and then you go to trial 10 months later....
you will be more confident than in the lineup
98
Which of the following is perception NOT dependent on?
Peer influence(factors should be expectations, beliefs, knowledge and stereotypes)
99
TRUE or FALSE: regardless of lineup type, having both the investigator & witness blind to whether the suspect is included in the lineup decreased the likelihood of false alarms.
TRUE
100
TRUE or FALSE: the evidence act states investigators should use suspect matched foils
True
101
according to Clark & Tunnicliff's 2001 assessment of description vs suspect-matched foils what foil selection method should we use to reduce false alarms?
Description-matched
102
which kind of lineup results in the least amount of identifications?
sequential
103
What are the three factors to increase pre trial publicity?
emotional PTP, murder, sexual abuse, or drug crime, increased length between PTP and trial
104
Zajac & karageorge 2009 assessed lineup accuracy in 8-11yo children, this study found...
kids were more likely to accurately reject in Target Absent lineups if given a physical option to select for 'rejection'(wildcard)
105
Target absent lineups lead to an increase in...
false alarms
106
Ronald cotton is an example of someone who was wrongly convicted from a what?
Target absent and suspect present
107
Which of the following is FALSE about mugshot books:
they are the most effective form of extracting identifications( should be act as misinformation and decrease the identification threshold)
108
people are really bad at facial composites because of....
people process features hollistically(general)
109
TRUE or FALSE: people are better at making facial composites of people they know well
False( people are bad at making facial composites in general)
110
TRUE or FALSE: highly detailed verbal descriptions typically mean more accurate visual identifications due to the quality of details recalled.
False
111
TRUE or FALSE: it is harder to identify someone in a lineup immediately after describing their features
TRUE
112
key eyewitness descriptors are mostly....
malleable target factors
113
Tattoos are an example of:
a stable target factor
114
encoding & storage are:
estimator variables, and the first two memory processes
115
which is NOT a problematic questioning technique identified from the McMartin preschool case?
forced-choice questions(should be suggestive questions, referring to other witnesses' account, posing positive and negative consequence, repeating questions until disclosure)
116
visual aids help because of....
Increase time in the interview room
decreased social barriers
spread activation theory (provide their own retrieval cues)
encoding specificity principles(mentally reinstate)
117
in Jack, Martyn & Zajac 2015, children & adults had increased accuracy & quantity of information recalled about a simulated crime clip when using...
Using sketch
118
Zajac, Dickson, Munn & O'Neill 2016, made 50% of participants think a confederate was drunk before watching a video of a theft, the study found...
When participants had a memory, the drunkness of the Confederate mattered
119
Dolls can be used effectively for...
clarification of terminology in children from verbal reports.
120
Which of the following about the use of dolls in forensic practice, is FALSE?
dolls lead to increases in children's recall of genital and anal touching, but this is the only area they are effective in( not very effective)
dolls lead to an increase in errors but also an increase in detail( not increase in detail)
121
In Loftus & Zanni 1975, when people were asked "Did you see the broken headlight?" it resulted in....
more claims of seeing a broken headlight
122
In Loftus & Palmer 1974 when participants were asked "how fast were the cars going when they contacted eachother?" it resulted in....
Lower speed estimates of the cars at the scene
123
Starting with open-ended questions, getting more specific, and returning back to open-ended questions when given specific answers, is what kind of interviewing technique?
Funnelling technique
124
Kelly, a participant in the Zajac, Dickson, Munn & O'Neill (2016) study, did not see the colour of the eyes of the theft. The confederates in the study (co-witnesses) say the theft has blue eyes. She is more likely to take on this information about the eyes from a sober person than a drunk person.
False( because not see the eye directly, will make the further information not concerned)
125
In Zajac, Gross & Haynes's (2003) study, what percentage of children changed their statement to correct, and what percentage of children changed their statement to incorrect?
66% & 60%
126
In Zajac, Gross & Hayne's (2003) study, what percentage of children did not change their direct examination interview?
15%
127
investigators have a large influence on what people can encode & store
no( while encoding, they are not there)
128
TRUE or FALSE: John Anderson's 'spreading activation theory' of memory suggests, retrieval is a joint product of stored memory traces & cues that are available at the time of retrieval.
False(network)
129
Spreading activation theory of memory states: the ____ units activate/d at once the quicker you get information back
more
130
TRUE or FALSE: John Anderson's spreading activation theory of memory states, retrieval is achieved by spreading activation throughout a network of connected cognitive units, the probability of recall is determined by the level of activation
True
131
when participants are led to believe they are intoxicated...
they were more likely to take on misinformation
132
In a modified misinformation paradigm, if an apple was the correct item and the orange was the misinformation, what would be included in the test?
choices between apple or banana(existing memory + novel object)
133
Toland 1990 performed a standard misinformation procedure to test whether people were just reporting misinformation to conform with what they thought was wanted.
They made people bet money on answers.
which of the following is TRUE from this study:
people offered more money for their suggested details than their unprompted(not encouraged) details
134
In Allport 1947 they showed participants an image of a poorly dressed white man holding a razor while arguing with a well-dressed black man. In subsequent retellings participants...
recalled the black man as dressed poorly
135
exaggerating or underexaggerating details of a story when recounting it to others is an example of what?
audience tuning
136
gabbert, memon & allan 2003 found that ____ of witnesses who were allowed to discuss a video before individual interviews, reported misleading items (reported items they didn't see)
71%
137
People conforming because they think they think everyone else must be right if they're all agreeing, is called what?
Informational Conformity
138
TRUE or FALSE: the asch task is a representation of how people may conform in co-witness discussions
TRUE
139
When memories are recalled they.....
Have to be reconsolidated back into memory, are neurobiologically fragile
140
In Snyder & uranowitz 1978, participants who were read a story about Betty K and told a week later she was heterosexual, were more likely to...
say she had a boyfriend in the story and make label consistent error
141
participants listening to a couple arguing and reading an article saying the female was found dead and the male was a suspect, were more likely to recall threatening statements and that the male hit her.
this is due to what?
Hindsight bias
142
Which is NOT an advantage of co-witness discussion according to police:
may reinforce memory
