Mediastinum

Question 1

central compartment of thoracic cavity between the pulmonary cavities

Answer 1

Mediastinum

Question 2

Mediastinum lined by ____ on both sides

Answer 2

mediastinal (parietal) pleura

Question 3

(Superior mediastinum) – bounded superiorly by:

Answer 3

superior thoracic aperture

Question 4

(Superior mediastinum) – bounded inferiorly by

Answer 4

transverse thoracic plane (level of sternal angle to T4/T5 vertebrae junction)

Question 5

(Superior mediastinum) –Bounded anteriorly by

Answer 5

manubrium

Question 6

(Superior mediastinum) – bounded posteriorly by

Answer 6

vertebral bodies of T1-T4

Question 7

Inferior mediastinum – between ____ and diaphragm

Answer 7

transverse thoracic plane

Question 8

Inferior mediastinum – bounded
anteriorly by

Answer 8

body of sternum

Question 9

Inferior mediastinum- bounded posteriorly by

Answer 9

lower 8 thoracic vertebral bodies

Question 10

Inferior mediastinum–divided into three parts:

Answer 10

anterior, middle, and posterior

Question 11

(Name the location)
Contains from anterior to posterior:
* (Remnants of)thymus
*Great vessels (with brachiocephalic veins and SVC anterior to arch of aorta)
* Vagus and phrenic nerves, trachea, esophagus
* Thoracic duct and lymphatics

Answer 11

Superior Mediastinum

Question 12

Inferior mediastinum Parts–(remnants of) thymus

Answer 12

anterior part

Question 13

(Inferior mediastinum Parts)–location of the pericardium and heart proper

Answer 13

middle part

Question 14

(Inferior mediastinum Parts)–region behind the heart containing the thoracic aorta, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygos system of veins, sympathetic chain

Answer 14

posterior part

Question 15

– contains no major structures
Otherwise has:
–loose CT
–fat
–some lymphatic vessels
–lymph nodes
–branches of the internal thoracic vessels

Answer 15

Anterior mediastinum

Question 16

contains neural, vascular, and respiratory structures passing from the adjacent regions of the neck and abdomen (via the inferior mediastinum

Answer 16

Superior mediastinum

Question 17

In children, both the anterior and superior mediastinum contain the ____

Answer 17

thymus

Question 18

–Small, irregular shaped organ in the upper chest that produces and matures immune cells, including T-cells or T lymphocytes
–Primary Lymphoid Organ

Answer 18

thymus

Question 19

After puberty, the thymus undergoes gradual involution and is largely replaced by ___

Answer 19

fat

Question 20

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 20

the lower part of the neck and the superior and anterior parts of the mediastinum

Question 21

The Thymus lies posterior to the ____ and anterior to the left brachiocephalic vein and pericardium (in children)

Answer 21

manubrium

Question 22

The Thymus Lies posterior to the manubrium and anterior to the ___ and pericardium (in children)

Answer 22

left brachiocephalic vein

Question 23

The great systemic blood vessels coming in and out of the heart lie within the ____ and their main branches arise before passing through the ____

Answer 23

superior mediastinum. superior thoracic aperture.

Question 24

Right and left brachiocephalic veins will join to form ____

Answer 24

superior vena cava

Question 25

Pulmonary trunk will exit right ventricle and split into:

Answer 25

right and left pulmonary arteries

Question 26

Ascending aorta will leave ___and has three branches along the aortic arch

Answer 26

left ventricle

Question 27

3 branches of the ascending aorta:

Answer 27

brachiocephalic, L. common carotid, and L. subclavian arteries

Question 28

Superior vena cava returns blood from all structures superior to the diaphragm, except:

Answer 28

the heart and lungs

Question 29

What vein will drain blood from thoracic wall into SVC?

Answer 29

Azygous vein

Question 30

Superior Vena Cava lies in right side of the ____, anterolateral to the trachea and posterolateral to the ____

Answer 30

superior mediastinum; ascending aorta

Question 31

Terminal half of Superior Vena Cava is in the:

Answer 31

middle mediastinum

Question 32

Pulmonary trunk: Exits from the ___ to bring oxygen poor blood to the lungs

Answer 32

right ventricle

Question 33

Pulmonary Trunk: Exits from the right ventricle to bring ___ blood to the lungs

Answer 33

oxygen poor

Question 34

Pulmonary Trunk: Initially ___ to the aorta, then moves ___

Answer 34

anterior; medially and posteriorly

Question 35

Pulmonary Trunk bifurcates into the:

Answer 35

right and left pulmonary arteries

Question 36

Small fibrous cord that passes from the root of the left pulmonary artery to the inferior surface of the arch of the aorta

Answer 36

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Question 37

Remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus

Answer 37

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Question 38

fetal ductus arteriosus--This worked to shunt blood from the ___ to the ___, bypassing the nonfunctional lungs

Answer 38

pulmonary trunk; aorta

Question 39

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close is called a:

Answer 39

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Question 40

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) can lead to

Answer 40

mixing of blood from aorta (oxy) in pulmonary artery (deoxy)

Question 41

T/F: The path of the right and left vagus nerves are different

Answer 41

True

Question 42

runs parallel to the trachea and passes posteriorly to the superior vena cava and the right primary bronchus.

Answer 42

right vagus nerve

Question 43

enters the superior mediastinum between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. It descends anteriorly to the aortic arch, before travelling posterior to the left bronchus

Answer 43

left vagus nerve

Question 44

The right recurrent laryngeal hooks around the right subclavian artery and ascends between the trachea & esophagus to supply the ___

Answer 44

larynx

Question 45

The right recurrent laryngeal hooks around the ___ and ascends between the trachea & esophagus to supply the larynx

Answer 45

right subclavian artery

Question 46

What nerve supplies the larynx?

Answer 46

Right recurrent laryngeal

Question 47

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve arises from the ___ as it passes the aortic arch.

Answer 47

left vagus nerve

Question 48

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the arch, to the left of ___, before continuing its journey to the larynx in the tracheal- esophageal groove.

Answer 48

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 49

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the arch, to the left of ligamentum arteriosum, before continuing its journey to the larynx in the ___

Answer 49

tracheal- esophageal groove.

Question 50

Vagus is ____ to the internal jugular vein; Phrenic is ___ to the internal jugular vein

Answer 50

medial; lateral

Question 51

Right recurrent laryngeal n. (passes under subclavian a. and in close contact to ___ of lung)

Answer 51

apex

Question 52

Tumors of the left or right lung, dilations of aortic arch or pulmonary trunk, esophageal cancer, and tracheal cancer can compress the ___ causing hoarseness

Answer 52

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 53

What can compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

Answer 53

hoarseness

Question 54

T/F: the right recurrent laryngeal nerve enters the mediastinum

Answer 54

false (stays outside); loops around right subclavian artery

Question 55

Right and left vagus nerves give off ____ branches that contribute to the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

Answer 55

parasympathetic

Question 56

Right and left vagus nerves give off parasympathetic branches that contribute to the ____

Answer 56

cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

Question 57

As the vagus nerves pass behind the main bronchi, they converge on the esophagus and form the:

Answer 57

esophageal plexus

Question 58

Just superior to the diaphragm, the plexus gives rise to two vagal trunks:

Answer 58

the anterior and posterior vagal trunk

Question 59

Passes along anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle in the neck

Answer 59

Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)

Question 60

Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5): Enters the mediastinum _____ to the great vessels

Answer 60

lateral

Question 61

Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5): Descend anteriorly into the ____, passing anterior to the root of the lungs

Answer 61

middle mediastinum

Question 62

Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5): Accompanied by the ______ vessels (br. of internal thoracic)

Answer 62

pericardiacophrenic

Question 63

Important landmark helping to identify Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Answer 63

tracheal- esophageal groove

Question 64

Esophagus: Posterior to the arch of the aorta and ___

Answer 64

pericardium (left ventricle)

Question 65

Esophagus: Passes through esophageal hiatus at

Answer 65

T10

Question 66

Esophagus: Anterior and posterior vagal trunks form just before passing through ___

Answer 66

diaphragm

Question 67

--Localized abnormal dilation of the aorta --Can be thoracic or abdominal

Answer 67

Aneurysm of the Aorta

Question 68

Causes: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, sudden traumatic injury (relating to heart)

Answer 68

Aneurysm of the Aorta

Question 69

Surgical treatment for Aortic Aneurysm

Answer 69

open abdominal or open chest repair (replaced with synthetic graft), endovascular repair (using stent graft)