MEDICAL EMERGENCIES (RT)

Question 1

In most cases, the first action an RT will take in a life-threatening emergency is

Answer 1

Call the hospital emergency team, the procedure’s physician, and his colleagues for assistance.

Question 2

In most cases, the first action an RT will take in a life-threatening emergency is

Answer 2

He must learn the correct procedure in the institution in which he/ she work, from calling the hospital emergency team.

Question 3

In most cases, the first action an RT will take in a life-threatening emergency is

Answer 3

He must have the telephone number memorized and prepared to explain the exact location of the emergency and the problem.

Question 4

Physiological reactions to illness or trauma in which there is a disturbance of blood flow to the vital organs or decreased ability of the body tissues to use oxygen and other nutrients needed to maintain them in a healthy state.

Answer 4

Shock

Question 5

General Symptoms of SHOCK include:

Answer 5

Decrease temperature
• A weak, thready pulse
• a rapid heartbeat
• Rapid shallow respirations
• Hypotension
• Skin pallor
• Cyanosis and increased thirst

Question 6

Types of SHOCK:

Answer 6

1. Hypovolemic Shock
2. Septic Shock
3. Cardiogenic Shock
4. Neurogenic Shock
5. Anaphylactic Shock

Question 7

caused by an abnormally low volume of circulating blood in the body.

Answer 7

Hypovolemic Shock

Question 8

It may be due to internal or external hemorrhage; loss of plasma because of burns; fluid loss from prolonged vomiting or diarrhea; heat prostration; or insufficient release of antidiuretic hormone

Answer 8

Hypovolemic Shock

Question 9

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: hypovolemic shock

Answer 9

1. Restlessness; thirst, cold, clammy skin
2. Pallor, sweating
3. Falling blood pressure, weak, thready pulse and rapid respirations, extreme semi-
   consciousness, coma
4. Systolic blood pressure lower than 60 mm Hg
5. Oliguria or anuria

Question 10

caused by severe systemic infections and bacteria (bacterial endotoxins released in the bloodstream).
Symptoms progress somewhat differently from those of other types of shock

Answer 10

Septic Shock

Question 11

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Septic Shock

Answer 11

1. In early stages, the skin is warm, dry, and flushed.
2. Urine output may be normal or excessive.
3. The patient has chills as shock progresses; there may be an abrupt personality change or a decrease
   in the level of consciousness.
4. There is an increase in pulse and respiration and a decrease in urinary output.
5. The skin becomes cold and clammy.
6. Seizures, circulatory collapse, and cardio-respiratory failure will follow if the course is not
   reversed.

Question 12

caused by a failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the vital organs.

Answer 12

Cardiogenic Shock

Question 13

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 13

Maybe a result of:
1. Insufficient blood supply due to dehydration, bleeding, or swelling.
2. A poor blood supply to the heart, where there is not enough oxygen and other nutrients for its work.
3. Poor lung function or obstruction to blood flow in the lungs, which places a strain on the heart muscle.
4. Too many or too few electrolytes (e.g., potassium, magnesium) that cause irregular heartbeats or dangerous rhythms in the heart.
5. Weakness of blood vessel walls.
6. Heart muscle weakness

Question 14

occurs when concussion, spinal cord injury, psychic trauma, or spinal anesthesia causes abnormal dilatation of the peripheral blood vessels. This dilatation, in turn, causes a fall in blood pressure as blood pools in the veins. This leads to reduced cardiac output.

Answer 14

Neurogenic Shock

Question 15

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Neurogenic Shock

Answer 15

1. Hypotension and Bradycardia
2. Initial alertness unless the patient is unconscious because of a head injury.
3. Initially good, but deteriorating, tissue perforation.
4. Visible signs of poor tissue perforation; coolness of extremities and diminishing peripheral pulses.

Question 16

A life-threatening type of allergic reaction.

Answer 16

Anaphylactic Shock

Question 17

It is the result of an exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction) to an antigen that was previously encountered by the body’s immune system.

Answer 17

Anaphylactic Shock

Question 18

The reaction is accompanied by contraction of non-vascular smooth muscles, particularly the smooth muscles of the respiratory system.

Answer 18

Anaphylactic Shock

Question 19

The common causes of anaphylaxis are drugs, iodinated contrast agents, chemotherapeutic agents, anesthetics, certain foods, and venoms entering the body.

Answer 19

Anaphylactic Shock

Question 20

EARLY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Anaphylactic Shock

Answer 20

1. Itching at the site of a medication injection or around the eyes and nose.
2. Sneezing and coughing.
3. Apprehensiveness, a feeling of doom
4. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea usually accompany a reaction to food.

Question 21

LATE SYMPTOMS: Anaphylactic Shock

Answer 21

1. Angioneurotic edema of the face, hands, and other body parts; urticaria.
2. Choking, wheezing, or dyspnea and cyanosis.
3. Hypotension; weak, rapid pulse; and dilated pupils

Question 22

Chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, which affects the structure and function of the blood vessels.

Answer 22

Diabetic Mellitus

Question 23

Two Major Classifications of Diabetes

Answer 23

A. Type I Insulin: IDDM (Dependent Form)
B. Type II Insulin =NIDDM (Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

Question 24

Characterized by loss of insulin-producing beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

Answer 24

Type I Insulin: IDDM (Dependent Form)

Question 25

• Being very thirsty • Feeling hungry • Feeling tired • Having blurry eyesight • Losing the feeling or feeling tingling in your feet • Losing weight without trying • Urinating more often

Answer 25

Type I Insulin: IDDM (Dependent Form)

Question 26

Occurs when the pancreas (an organ in the abdomen) produces insufficient amounts of the hormone insulin, and/or the body's tissues become resistant to normal or even high levels of insulin.

Answer 26

Type II Insulin =NIDDM (Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

Question 27

The majority of persons with this type of diabetes mellitus are overweight and middle-aged

Answer 27

Type II Insulin =NIDDM (Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

Question 28

deficiency of sugar in the blood; a condition in which the glucose in the blood is abnormally low, or an inadequate diet to utilize the insulin.

Answer 28

Hypoglycemia (insulin reaction)

Question 29

1. Shaking, nervousness, and irritability 2. Dizziness and hunger, may complain of headache 3. Profuse and hunger; cold, clammy skin 4. Blurred visions. 5. Tremor, numbness of lips and tongue, and slurred speech 6. Impaired motor function; convulsions 7. Diminishing motor consciousness; quick lapse to coma

Answer 29

Type II Insulin =NIDDM (Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

Question 30

Caused by occlusion or rupture of the cerebral arteries directly into the brain tissue or into the subarachnoid space.

Answer 30

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

Question 31

occur with no little or may no warning or may occur in the radiology department during a stressful procedure.

Answer 31

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

Question 32

This is commonly called a stroke.

Answer 32

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

Question 33

1. Possible severe headache 2. Muscle weakness or flaccidity of face or extremities; usually one-sided 3. Eye deviation, usually one-sided; may lose vision. 4. Dizziness or stupor 5. Difficult speech (dysphasia) or no speech (aphasia) 6. Ataxia 7. May complain of stiff neck. 8. Nausea or vomiting may occur. 9. Loss of consciousness.

Answer 33

CVA

Question 34

is caused by an insufficiency in the supply of blood to the brain. Heart disease, hunger, poor ventilation, fatigue, and emotional shock are all causes.

Answer 34

Fainting

Question 35

• Pallor, dizziness, and possibly nausea • Cold, clammy skin

Answer 35

Fainting and Convulsive Seizures:

Question 36

It may be associated with many physical disorders, including uremia, eclampsia, and tetanus, infections characterized by high body temperature, positioning, and increased intracranial pressure caused by a brain tumor.

Answer 36

Convulsive Seizures:

Question 37

is the most common cause of convulsive seizures.

Answer 37

Epilepsy

Question 38

Let the seizure take its course. Do not try to stop the seizure or revive the person. Begin timing the seizure.

Answer 38

Keep Calm.

Question 39

Move hard or sharp objects away, but do not interfere with the person's movements. Place something soft and small, such as a sweater, under the head, loosen tight clothing, especially at the neck.

Answer 39

Protect From Further Injury if Possible.

Question 40

This could cause teeth and jaw damage. The person will not swallow their tongue during a seizure.

Answer 40

Do Not Force Anything in the Person's Mouth.

Question 41

if a seizure goes on longer than 5 Minutes or Repeats without full recovery, call for medical help.

Answer 41

On Rare Occasions,

Question 42

talk gently to the person, be comforting and reassuring, and stay with them until they become reoriented.

Answer 42

Afterward

Question 43

required regularly for maintenance of a specific health condition (e.g., medication to treat cystic fibrosis)

Answer 43

Routine Medication

Question 44

required for the emergency first-aid treatment of medical conditions (e.g., Midazolam forspecific seizures, Ventolin for asthma).

Answer 44

Emergency Medication

Question 45

as soon as possible, to allow saliva or other fluids to drain away, helping to clear the airway. DO NOT BE FRIGHTENED if a person having a seizure appears to stop breathing momentarily.

Answer 45

Roll the Person on their Side

Question 46

are categorized as prescription medications and over-the-counter medications.

Answer 46

Medication

Question 47

Route of Medication Administration

Answer 47

1. Oral 2. Parenteral Route 3. Topical Route 4. Inhalant Route

Question 48

safe, most convenient, least expensive

Answer 48

Oral

Question 49

injection into a body tissue.

Answer 49

Parenteral Route

Question 50

skin or mucous membrane.

Answer 50

Topical Route

Question 51

gaseous or volatile substance

Answer 51

Inhalant Route

Question 52

Five Rights of Medication Administration:

Answer 52

• The Right Medication • The Right Dose • The Right Client • The Right Route • The Right Time

Question 53

as an initial form of treatment, first aid treatment must be totally or fully coordinated with the physician in charge or with the nurse.

Answer 53

Emergency medication

Question 54

Everyone must be aware that prescribing medication, even at time of emergency, is critical and must be fully ordered by a

Answer 54

Physicians

Question 55

Prescribing, advising, or assisting patients with medication with a physician’s order is

Answer 55

Malpractice

Question 56

are of concern to the radiographer because patients’ mobility and mental state may be affected

Answer 56

Medication

Question 57

should know what drugs the patient has been given and how they may affect the examination.

Answer 57

Radiographers

Question 58

should acquire the habit of checking drug administration to their patients so that appropriate safety precautions can be used.

Answer 58

Radiographers

Question 59

can be liable for a patient’s injury and possible damages.

Answer 59

A radiographer