Medical SLP - Exam 1

Question 1

What are the steps in cell division?

Answer 1

meiosis, haploids, 24 hours pass, mitosis (segmentation and cell differentiation)

Question 2

Meiosis

• Chromosomes
• Zygote

Answer 2

special cellular division that creates the egg and sperm in the first place

• Ch: 46 total (2 sex)
• Zy: fertilized egg

Question 3

Mitosis

Answer 3

cell division

Question 4

Segmentation

Answer 4

(part of mitosis; also called cleavage) cell divides and creates another cell just like it.
Blastomere: cells within Morula
Morula: group of blastomeres in one cell after 72 hours

Question 5

Cell Differentiation

Answer 5

6th or 8th day; mother cell has a baby cell that is different.

• Trophoblast
• Gastrulation
• Embryonic Disc

Question 6

Trophoblast

Answer 6

Lining, surrounds the inner mass, not a part of the embryo. Becomes placenta and umbilical cord.

Question 7

Gastrulation

Answer 7

9th and 12th day; inner cell mass turns itself inside out.

no success in this = miscarriage

Question 8

Embryonic Disc

Answer 8

3 layers - organs are a combination of these layers

1) Ectoderm: outside - skin, hair, teeth, CNS&PNS
2) Mesoderm: middle - structural (bone, muscle, cartilage, tendons, blood vessels, connective tissue).
3) Endoderm: inner - lining of digestive tract and body cavities, inside tissue.

Question 9

What governs all cell functions?

Answer 9

Genes, which are made up on DNA

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

smallest structure in genetic material, double strand in a double helix whose spine is made of deoxyribose. Contains Nucleotide pairs.

Question 11

Nucleotide Pairs

Answer 11

instructions for cellular behaviors

Guanine, Cytosince, Adenine, Thymine

Question 12

Monosomy

Answer 12

loss of one copy of a chromosome; the presence of a single copy of a chromosome

Question 13

Triosomy

Answer 13

the gain of one extra copy of a chromosome for a total of 3 chromosomes

Question 14

Deletion

Answer 14

when part of a chromosome becomes separated and lost

Question 15

Inversion

Answer 15

occurs when a portion of a chromosome is turned 180 degrees from its usual orientation

Question 16

Translocations

Answer 16

the result of a transfer of genetic material between 2 or more chromosomes

• Variable expression
• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Incomplete penetration

Question 17

Variable expression (translocations)

Answer 17

severity levels, functional levels

Question 18

Incomplete Penetration (translocations)

Answer 18

have a genetic disorder but no symptoms

Question 19

Common syndromes associated with cleft

Answer 19

down syndrome

Question 20

Merging

Answer 20

growth process where a structure gets bigger. (how it grows/ strengthens/ widens)

Question 21

Fusion

Answer 21

process that develops the palate. When 2 separate structures grow towards each other and fuse together.

Question 22

Sequence

Answer 22

process of genetic formation. Because this thing happened, this thing happened.

Question 23

Pierre Robin

Answer 23

a sequence causing cleft palate (embryo is hyper-flexed in uterus, neck causes the mandible to push up against the chest causing it not to grow. No place for tongue to go, goes up where the palate is suppose to be forming)

Question 24

Syndromes

Answer 24

constellation of symptoms due to a genetic or chromosomal disorder

Question 25

At 6 weeks...

Answer 25

palatal development begins. Fusion of 4 structures: nasal spine, L and R palatal shelves and premaxilla

Question 26

Type of clefts (6)

Answer 26

Cleft lip, Cleft alveolus, Cleft of primary plate, cleft of secondary plate, submucous cleft, complete cleft.

Question 27

Submucous cleft

Answer 27

Muscles of soft palate did not fuse together at midline to form muscular sling. Back of mouth comes to point (tenting)

Question 28

Bifid uvula

Answer 28

Second type of submucous cleft. Looks like snake tongue; does not always indicate person has cleft

Question 29

2 functions of the velum

Answer 29

voluntary and biological

Question 30

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

Answer 30

structural/anatomical etiology. surgical fix. -platybasia: base of skull too far away

Question 31

Velopharyngeal Incompetency

Answer 31

neurogenic etiology (e.g., stroke)

Question 32

Velopharyngeal Mislearning

Answer 32

when other high pressure sounds are completely accurate and consistent, however they make consistent errors on specific high pressure sounds.

Question 33

What are the 4 different patterns of VP closure?

Answer 33

- Coronal (most common) - Circular - Circular with PPW participation - Sagittal

Question 34

Coronal VP closure pattern

Answer 34

velum closes against the posterior wall

Question 35

Circular VP closure pattern

Answer 35

velum moves part way and lateral pharyngeal wall moves part of the way to make a complete closure.

Question 36

Circular with PPW participation VP closure pattern

Answer 36

(or with passavants ridge) threads of muscle from posterior pharyngeal wall move and make a shelf. least common.

Question 37

Sagittal VP closure pattern

Answer 37

superior pharyngeal constrictor closes to midline. velum doesn't move, the lateral walls do.

Question 38

Complete Cleft

Answer 38

cleft goes through whole palate and lip (including alveolar ridge and soft palate). Babies usually have difficulty feeding (slide 26)

Question 39

Unilateral cleft

Answer 39

Goes through one side of face (lip). can be complete cleft or incomplete cleft. (slide 26)

Question 40

Bilateral cleft

Answer 40

Neither palatal shelves make it to fuse with the nasal spine. Through lip, alveolar ridge, hard and soft palate on both sides. Premaxilla goes up not down.

Question 41

Premaxilla

Answer 41

Develop vertically; part of frontonasal process. Fuses to palatine process of the maxilla

Question 42

Palatine processes of the maxilla (palatal shelves)

Answer 42

develop vertically, then move horizontal to fuse. NOT part of the MAXILLA

Question 43

Incisors

Answer 43

Front teeth.

Question 44

cuspids

Answer 44

canine teeth

Question 45

molars

Answer 45

grinders

Question 46

Malocclusion

Answer 46

when molars are not symmetrical.

Question 47

Overjet malocclusion

Answer 47

when top front teeth are well in front of front bottom teeth. can be considered both overjet and overbite

Question 48

Class I malocclusion

Answer 48

crooked teeth. molars are in incorrect orientation; but usually are simply crooked, twisted or stacked

Question 49

Class II malocclusion

Answer 49

Overbite; molar relationship is not right. top molars are too far forward

Question 50

Class III malocclusion

Answer 50

Under-bite. bottom molars are too far forward or in front of top molars

Question 51

Cross-bite malocclusion

Answer 51

Upper dental arch is inside the bottom dental arch. can be anterior, can be posterior depending on case. Usually teeth are very crowded

Question 52

Open- bite malocclusion

Answer 52

molars are touching but front teeth have large gap between them (problems with fricatives)

Question 53

Posterior open- bite malocclusion

Answer 53

front teeth are touching but the molars do not touch. Can cut but cannot grind

Question 54

Levator veli palatine

Answer 54

main muscle of velar elevation

Question 55

superior pharyngeal constrictor

Answer 55

raises velum

Question 56

Musculus uvulae

Answer 56

plural (comes in pairs) superior surface at mid-line; go off back of soft palate

Question 57

Tensor veli palatine

Answer 57

open the eustachian tube by twisting. From middle ear to drain (every time you swallow)

Question 58

Palatal pharynges

Answer 58

pulls velum down

Question 59

Branchial Arches

Answer 59

5 pairs with clefts in between them - Mandibular - Hyoid - Thyro-Hyoid - 4&5 not distinct or named