Medicine - Medieval Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What dates was the medieval period ?
A
1250-1500
2
Q
What period was 1250-1500 ?
A
The medieval period
3
Q
Name 3 reasons why the Catholic Church was so powerful in the Medieval period
A
Every town had a Church, majority of people attended, People in Church could read and write
4
Q
What did the Church discourage ?
A
Dissections
5
Q
Where were books written ?
A
In monasteries by Monks
6
Q
Why is it significant that books were handwritten ?
A
It limited the information available for physicians
7
Q
Whose ideas did the Church support and why ?
A
Hippocrates and Galen’s as their ideas supported the Bible
8
Q
Where were physicians trained ?
A
In universities run by The Church
9
Q
What did religious people believe the cause of disease was ?
A
A punishment from God or God testing a persons faith
10
Q
Examples of sins that were believed to cause illness
A
Gambling, excessive drinking, blasphemy
11
Q
Name a common disease linked to sin
A
Leprosy
12
Q
Name 4 ways religious people tried to prevent disease
A
Praying regularly, fasting, pilgrimages, flagellation
13
Q
What would the sick touch to cure illness ?
A
Holy relics (pilgrimages to tombs)
14
Q
Why did some people not treat disease ?
A
As they thought it would be against God and they would go to Hell
15
Q
What was the first hospital in England and when was it founded ?
A
St Bartholomew’s, 1123
16
Q
How many hospitals were in England by 1400 ?
A
Over 500
17
Q
Who ran the Hospitals ?
A
The Church
18
Q
Did the hospitals have doctors ?
A
No only a priest with monks and nuns
19
Q
Did hospitals let people with infectious diseases in ?
A
No
20
Q
Who did hospitals mostly accept ?
A
Old, sick, traveling people
21
Q
What did hospitals focus on ?
A
CARE NOT CURE !!
22
Q
What was care like in hospitals ?
A
Patients given food and warmth, offered prayers and Mass 7 times a day
23
Q
Who created the idea of the four humours ?
A
Hippocrates, a Greek doctor
24
Q
What was the theory of four humours ?
A
The idea that the body contained 4 humours ; yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood
25
What was the theory of miasma ?
The idea that dirt and waste from the streets poisoned air which caused illness
26
What did King Edward III say relating to miasma ?
“The filth from the houses is infecting the air with contagious sickness” during the Black Death
27
What did people believe miasma was caused by ?
God, alignment of the planets
28
Name 3 ways people prevented miasma ?
- carried sweet smelling herbs in a pomander
- rang bells
- allowed birds to fly around their house
29
What was Regimin Sanitis ?
Instructions written by physicians for healthy living
30
What did Regimin Sanitis include ?
Avoiding stress, exercising, eating a healthy diet, bathing regularly
31
Who used Regimin Sanitis ?
Only used by the rich
32
Name 2 ways people rebalanced the 4 humours
Bloodletting and purging
33
Name 3 types of bloodletting
Cutting, leeches, cupping
34
What did people believe humours were created from ?
Food eaten
35
What are the 2 types of purging ?
Emetics, laxatives
36
What did emetics do and name an example ?
Make the patient vomit
Scammony, aniseed, parsley
37
What did laxatives do and name an example ?
Make the patients shit
Strong herbs/ flowers, line seeds
38
Who created the theory of opposites ?
Galen, a Roman doctor
39
What was the theory of opposites ?
The idea that if you had too much of one humour you could cure it with the opposite of it
40
Give an example of a meal used regarding the theory of opposites
Blanc Mangier (chicken and almonds)
Warm and moist
41
Name the 4 humours
Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood
42
According to the theory of opposites, how could you cure a cold ?
By eating a chili (hot and dry)
43
Name a common herbal remedy
Therica
44
What was therica ?
A spice based mixture that could contain up to 70 ingredients
45
Name some ingredients in therica
Ginger, saffron, viper flesh, opium
46
Who wrote a book about therica ?
Galen
47
What were the ingredients in the medicine used to cure a stye ?
Onions, garlic, bulls gall, wine in a brass vessel
48
Why did the cure for a stye work ?
The onions, garlic, gall killed bacteria and the wine (which contains acetic acid which reacted with the copper in vessel and produced copper salt) also killed bacteria
49
Name the 4 main types of care givers in the medieval period
Physicians, barber surgeons, wise women, apothecaries
50
What did physicians do ?
Diagnosed illness and suggested treatment
51
How long did physicians train at university ?
7 years
52
Who used physicians ?
Only the rich
53
How many physicians were in England 1300
Fewer than 100
54
What did physicians believe ?
Books were better than experience
55
What book did physicians carry ?
Vademecum (book of diagnosis)
56
How did physicians use urine charts ?
To check the colour, smell and taste of urine to check for illnesses
57
Who carried out the majority of surgeries ?
Barber surgeons
58
How did barber surgeons train ?
- did not go to uni
- learned through doing apprenticeships and reading books
59
What simple surgeries did barber surgeons do ?
Bleeding, removing surface tumors, sewing wounds, making splints for broken bones
60
What complex external surgeries did barber surgeons do ?
Amputating limbs, removing bladder stones, using fine needles to remove cataracts in eyes
61
What diagram did barber surgeons use to identify how to treat injuries ?
Wound man
62
Who saved Henry V and how ?
John Bradmore saved him by designing a tool that could remove an arrow that had struck Henry’s cheek
63
How did barber surgeons make patients drowsy ?
Used herbs such as hemlock or opium
64
What did surgeons use to clean wounds ?
Wine, vinegar, honey
65
What were problems regarding surgeries in the medieval period ?
- no internal surgeries
- little knowledge on anaesthetics
- antiseptics didn’t stop infection
- heavy bleeding resulting in death
66
Where were most people treated and cared for ?
At home
67
What gender could be midwives ?
Women (some had licenses and were paid)
68
Who was not allowed to be physicians ?
Women
69
Could women become surgeons ?
Yes, by working as apprentices
70
What did apothecaries do ?
Mixed and dealt with herbal remedies
71
Where did apothecaries learn ?
From other apothecaries
72
What did apothecaries sell ?
-lucky charms and amulets
- hand mixed medicines
- Different ingredients
73
What did supernatural people think caused disease ?
Spirits, the alignment of the planets, stars, sun, moon and witchcraft or bad luck
74
What were some prevention methods used relating to the supernatural ?
- lucky charms/ amulets to provide good fortune
- recited incantations to ward of disease bringing spirits
75
What was the treatment for toothache ?
Wearing a magpies beak around your neck
76
What was trepanning ?
Drilling into the skulls of patients to release demons or spirits
77
What was a zodiac chart ?
A chart to know when to avoid treating each part of the body (moon in Pisces = no feet)
78
When was the Black Death ?
1348
79
How long did it take for a person to die after being infected with the bubonic plague ?
3-5 days
80
Symptoms of the Black Death
Buboes, blisters, fever, severe headaches, vomiting, fits, unconsciousness, death
81
Name 2 religious ideas on the causes of the Black Death ?
- God creating a punishment for sin in the world
- Jews poisoning the water supply
82
What did the Prior of Christchurch Abbey say in 1348
Plague was created by God who used “suffering to drive out the numberless sins of the people”
83
Name 5 ways people religiously prevented getting the Black Death ?
- services in churches
- lit candles as offerings for God
- people fasted
- people went on pilgrimages
- flagellants whipped themselves
84
Name 2 ways people religiously treated the Black Death
- asked God for forgiveness
- continued to live a Christian lifestyle
85
Why did some people believe there was no cure for the Black Death ?
As it was God’s will that the patient should die
86
Where did, people during the Black Death think, miasma originated ?
Poisonous fumes released from an earthquake or volcano
87
Name 3 “rational ways” people used to prevent getting the Black Death
- avoiding bathing
- pomanders
- escaping
88
Why did people avoid bathing during the Black Death ?
Because they thought water would open up their pores and expose them to the disease
89
What did Chauliac advise people to do during the Black Death ?
He advised people to “Go quickly, go far, and return slowly”
90
Why were aloe and myrrh used to treat the Black Death ?
They were believed to have cleansing qualities
91
Name 2 things people did to buboes to try and cure Black Death
Lanced them
Rubbed onion, herbs, chopped snake on them
92
What did people drink/eat to try and cure Black Death ?
Vinegar, and ate crushed minerals, arsenic, 10 yr old treacle
93
Name 2 ways people tried to treat Black Death involving fire ?
- people lit fire/ boiled vinegar to drive miasma away
- people sat near a fire to drive out the fever
94
Name some ways public health improved after the Black Death
- laws on littering and location of latrines
- stone cesspits, public latrines, night carts
- 12 rakers by 1370 London
- Glouster aqueducts for fresh water
95
Name a believed supernatural cause of the Black Death
1345 an unusual positioning of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn which was interpreted that something terrible/ wonderful was going to happen
96
Name a supernatural way people prevented getting the Black Death
Holy charms/ luck amulets to ward off dangerous spirits
