Medicine - Modern Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Name 9 ways of diagnosing disease in the modern period
A
Blood tests, Biopsy’s, blood sugar monitoring, c t scans, MRI scans, ECGS, Ultrasound, x-rays, endoscopes
2
Q
When were blood tests first used?
A
1939s
3
Q
Name a condition that can be diagnosed from blood tests ?
A
Anaemia
4
Q
What is a biopsy ?
A
A sample of human tissue used to identify disease
5
Q
When was the modern period ?
A
1900-present
6
Q
What does blood sugar monitoring allow people to do ?
A
Allows those with diabetes to check blood sugar levels
7
Q
What are ct scans ?
A
Advanced x rays which can be used to diagnose tumors such as cancer
8
Q
What are MRI scans ?
A
Scans which use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body
9
Q
What can MRI scans diagnose ?
A
Soft tissue and ligament damage
10
Q
What are ECGS ?
A
echocardiograms use electrical impulses to track heart activity after heart attacks
11
Q
What is an ultrasound ?
A
Sound waves creating a picture of inside the body
12
Q
What can ultrasounds diagnose ?
A
Kidney stones
13
Q
Which decade were x rays first used ?
A
1890s
14
Q
What can x rays diagnose ?
A
Broken bones
15
Q
What are endoscopes and what do they do ?
A
Small flexible cameras that look at digestive system problems and can take biopsy’s of tissue
16
Q
What is the effect of these disease diagnosis techniques in the modern period ?
A
Makes diagnosis more accurate which makes the welfare of the individual better
17
Q
Name 8 lifestyle choices that can cause disease
A
Poverty, obesity, unprotected sex, alcohol, drugs, poor diet, smoking, stress
18
Q
What diseases can smoking cause ?
A
- lung, throat, mouth cancer
- high blood pressure
- heart disease
- gum disease
- tooth decay
- lung cancer
19
Q
What diseases can a poor diet cause ?
A
Heart disease
Type 2 diabetes
20
Q
What diseases can alcohol cause ?
A
Liver disease
Kidney problems
21
Q
How can taking drugs spread disease ?
A
Unclean needles
22
Q
What diseases can unprotected sex cause ?
A
STDs
HIV - aids
Herpes
23
Q
What diseases can a lack of exercise/obesity cause ?
A
Heart disease
Diabetes
24
Q
What book did Charles Booth write ?
A
The Life and Labour of the People in London
- 35 % of people lived in poverty
25
Who was involved in the discovery of DNA ?
Crick, Watson, Franklin, Wilkins
26
What did Watson and crick discover together, when ?
The structure of DNA
1953
27
What did Watson and Crick prove ?
That DNA was in every human cell and was passed down from parent to child through their genes
28
What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins do ?
Identified DNA and developed a technique to photograph DNA
29
When was the Human Genome project ?
1990-2003
30
What was the human genome project ?
The process of identifying each purpose of every gene in the body
31
What was the impact of the human genome project ?
It helped people understand the causes of genetic diseases and meant we can now look for mistakes in the DNA of people suffering from hereditary diseases
32
What is the result of the improved understanding of DNA ?
- can identify specific genetic disorders
- can predict if you have a higher risk of developing some cancers
- gene therapy (sickle cell anaemia)
- can screen for breast cancer and offer a mastectomy
- parents offered abortions for embryos with early signs of down syndrome
33
What contributed to the discovery of DNA ?
- microscope technology
- X-ray technology (crystallography)
- modern communication methods
- 1931 electron microscope
- individuals
- government funding
34
What is Paul Ehrlich best known for ?
His work towards the development of magic bullets
35
What was the magic bullet called ?
Salvarsan 606
36
What was Salvarsan 606 used to treat ?
Syphilis
37
What was a disadvantage to Salvarsan 606 ?
It was made using arsenic and was poisonous
38
What was another important magic bullet ?
Prontosil
39
What did the prontosil magic bullet kill ?
The bacteria causing blood poisoning
40
What was the key ingredient of prontosil ?
Sulphonamide
41
What was the impact of magic bullets ?
Doctors able to create new drugs to cure many diseases
Mothers dying from postnatal infections dropped 20% - 5%
42
Who first discovered Penicillin killed bacteria and when ?
Lister in 1884
But didn’t pursue further
43
When did Fleming accidentally discover penicillin ?
1928
44
What did Fleming do after he discovered penicillin ?
Diluted it and found out it could kill bacteria outside of the body
45
When did Florey and Chain create pure penicillin ?
1938
46
What was pure penicillin able to do ?
Kill bacteria inside of the body (septicemia)
47
How much money did the British/ American government give to Florey and Chain for research ?
- British - £25
- USA - enough for 5 years research
48
What did penicillin manage to do in 1941 ?
Worked to cure a policeman with septicemia until it ran out (he died)
49
How many pharmaceutical companies mass produced penicillin during ww2 ?
21
50
Who funded the mass production of penicillin during ww2 ?
The US government
51
How many penicillin doses were given out to the army during ww2 ?
2.3 million doses
52
What was the effect of the discovery of penicillin ?
- deaths by disease significantly dropped from the 1940s
- streptomycin discovered 1943 (cured tuberculosis)
- superbugs MRSA becoming resistant
53
What treatments continued to the modern period ?
- herbal remedies
- treatments still passed down
- Boots and Beechams continued to sell medicine
54
What were “cure all” medicines replaced with ?
Medicines such as aspirin
55
Why was the invention of capsule pills so important ?
It meant that drugs dissolved in the stomach better
56
What medical condition did insulin pumps benefit ?
Diabetes
57
How did hypodermic needles improve treatment ?
It meant there could be quicker injections into the bloodstream
58
What 3 problems in surgery have now been solved ?
Blood loss, infection, pain
59
How did keyhole surgery improve treatment ?
It led to quicker healing and less impact on the body
60
How did micro surgery improve treatment ?
It meant that nerve endings and blood vessels could be reattached which helped transplants develop
61
When was the first kidney transplant ?
1956
62
When was the first heart transplant ?
1967
63
How did robotic surgery improve treatment ?
More precise for brain surgery
64
How did anesthetics being injected in the bloodstream improve surgery ?
It meant that there was more precise doses leading to a safer surgery
65
How did they solve the problem of blood loss ?
From 1900 blood transfusions and can store blood (sodium citrate to stop blood clotting)
66
What are dialysis machines used for ?
To keep kidney patients alive before transplants
67
What do heart bypass machines and pacemakers do ?
Perform the functions of the heart
68
When did gene therapy start ?
1990
69
How many people got plastic surgery during ww1 ?
11,000
70
What was the effect of the improvement of treatments during the modern period ?
- Life expectancy risen to 83 in 2003
- Death rates from infectious disease decreased from 25 % to less than 1 %
71
Why did the government take significant steps to improve the public’s health ?
- increased understanding of causes and prevention of disease
72
Name some ways to screen for genetic diseases ?
- Down’s syndrome during pregnancy
- testing genes for breast cancer
73
How did the government prevent the spread of disease between countries?
Tracking travelers and putting quarantine measures in place
74
When was the first vaccine campaign and what disease was it for ?
1942 for diphtheria
75
What was the effect of the diphtheria campaign ?
Over 3000 children’s deaths per year down to an average of only 6
76
When was the polio vaccine ?
1956
77
Why was the polio vaccine campaign so effective ?
Footballer Jeff Hall died of polio in 1959
78
What was the effect of the polio campaign ?
No cases since 1961
79
When was tetanus campaign ?
1961
80
When did the NHS make the measles vaccine free ?
In 1963
81
When was the rubella campaign ?
1970
82
What laws have the government created to prevent disease ?
- clean air act of 1956 and 1968
- smoking banned in all public buildings (2007)
- limiting car emissions by taxing some cars that cause more pollution
- health and safety laws at work
- rubbish and sewage disposal rules
83
Why was the clean air act passed ?
Smog in London
84
Name some government lifestyle campaigns ?
- smoking, binge eating, unprotected sex campaigns
- stoptober
- “sugar smart”, “5 a day”
85
What is everyone over 40 given the opportunity for ?
An every 5 year health check
86
What was some problems with the treatment and prevention of disease in the modern period ?
- new diseases constantly appearing
- new drug resistant bacteria
- no cure for cancer / heart disease
- people still rely on “alternative remedies” such as acupuncture
87
Why was the government shocked during the Boer war ?
1/3 of volunteers were rejected due to poor health
88
When was training for midwives made compulsory?
1902
89
When was the National Insurance act ?
1911
90
What were some negatives of the nations insurance act ?
It didn’t help the elderly, families or unemployed people
91
When did clinics in schools begin to give kids free medical care ?
1912
92
When was the ministry of health established?
1919
93
When was the Beveridge report released ?
1942
94
When was the NHS founded ?
1948
95
What does the NHS stand for ?
The National Health Service
96
What did the NHS provide ?
Free medical care for all the population paid for by British taxes
97
Around how many hospitals and Gp services are there in the UK ?
2500
98
Name some of the services provided by the NHS
- vaccinations
- ambulances
- dentists
- maternity
- medical research
99
What were some early problems of the NHS ?
- hospitals needed updating
- most hospitals were in the South East
- little money after ww2
- GP surgeries needed modernizing
- GPs suspicious of the NHS
- large appointment waiting times and delays
100
What improvements were made to the NHS after 1960s ?
- more hospitals
- Quality care commission
- GPs Charter
101
Name an example of a specialist hospital
Alder Hey children’s hospital
102
What did the Quality Care commission do ?
Monitor hospital quality
103
When was the GPs Charter and what did it do ?
1966, gave incentives to gps who kept up with medical research and encouraged them to work in practices together
104
What was the impact of the NHS ?
- everyone receives the same level of service
- provides many services
- increased life expectancy
- provided training opportunities (nurses developing specific skills)
105
Name some problems with the NHS today
- waiting times
- appointment delays
- aging and growing population
- rising cost for government
- new lifestyle problems
106
How many new cases of lung cancer are there in a year ?
Over 40,000
107
Why is lung cancer so deadly ?
Only 1/3 live more than a year after their diagnosis
108
What did the British Medical research council prove in 1950 ?
That lung cancer was directly linked to smoking (85% have smoked)
109
How is lung cancer diagnosed ?
- ct scan after injected with dye
- PET CT scan or a bronchoscope sample
110
Is there a cure for cancer ?
No
111
Name some treatments for lung cancer ?
- surgery
- transplants
- radiotherapy
- chemo
- (researching immunotherapy)
112
How much does smoking related deaths cost the NHS yearly ?
£165 m
113
What smoking can prevention was enforced in 1933 ?
Illegal to sell cigarettes to children
114
What smoking prevention was enforced in 1965 ?
Advertising on tv was made illegal
115
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2005 ?
Adverts at sporting events banned
116
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2007 ?
The legal age to buy cigarettes rose from 16 to 18
117
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2008 ?
The uk started to show warnings on cigarette packets
118
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2011 ?
Cigarette vending machines banned
119
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2012 ?
Cigarettes banned from being displayed in shops
120
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2014 ?
Tobacco tax increased
121
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2014 involving pack size ?
Packs of less than 20 cigarettes rose steeply in price
122
What smoking prevention was enforced in 2015 ?
Smoking banned in cars carrying children
