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Medicine - Industrial Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 7 important individuals in the industrial period

A

Edward Jenner, James Simpson, John Snow, Florence Nightingale, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch

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2
Q

What is Edward Jenner known for ?

A

Creating the first vaccine

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3
Q

How did people previously treat disease ?

A

Innnoculation

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4
Q

How did people inoculate people from smallpox ?

A

Spreading pus from a smallpox pustule into a cut in the skin of a healthy person

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5
Q

What did Jenner discover about milkmaids ?

A

He discovered that milkmaids who caught cowpox never caught smallpox

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6
Q

When did Jenner publish his findings on vaccines ?

A

1798

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7
Q

How many people did smallpox kill in 1837-40

A

35000

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8
Q

When was smallpox vaccine made compulsory

A

1852

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9
Q

How many people got the smallpox vaccine?

A

Over 100000

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10
Q

What was James Simpson known for ?

A

First effective anaesthetic

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11
Q

Why was laughing gas not effective ?

A

It only provided local relief

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12
Q

Why was ether ineffective?

A

It made patients sick and was highly flammable

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13
Q

When did Simpson discover chloroform ?

A

1847

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14
Q

What did James Simpson use as an anesthetic ?

A

Chloroform

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15
Q

How did Simpson discover that chloroform was an effective anesthetic ?

A

In 1947, him and some friends sniffed a bottle of chloroform which knocked them out without any side effects

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16
Q

What did John Snow discover ?

A

The cause of cholera

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17
Q

When did Cholera first arrive in London ?

A

1832

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18
Q

How many deaths were recorded in London 1832 from cholera ?

A

5275

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19
Q

What was John Snows book called ?

A

On the mode of communication of cholera

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20
Q

When did John Snow publish his book about Cholera ?

A

1849

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21
Q

What 2 theories did Snow write about in his book ?

A
  • cholera was not caused by miasma (affected stomach)
  • cholera was caused by contaminated drinking water caused by throwing faeces in drains
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22
Q

What type of map did
Snow create in 1854 ?

A

A spot map

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23
Q

Where on Snows map was there high causes of cholera?

A

Broad street

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24
Q

How did John Snow prove cholera was caused by the Broad street pump ?

A

He removed the pumps handle so they had to use another

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25
What did they discover near the Broad Street pump ?
A cracked cesspit one meter away
26
When was the new sewer system in London completed ?
1875
27
What was “The great stink” ?
When the Thames dried up revealing stinking sewage
28
When was the great stink ?
1858
29
What was Florence Nightingales nickname ?
The lady with the lamp
30
When was the Crimean war ?
1854
31
How many wounded soldiers died due to disease and infection during the Crimean war ?
16 000
32
How many nurses did Nightingale take to a Scutari army hospital ?
38
33
What are some changes Nightingale made to the hospital ?
- mops, buckets and 300 scrubbing brushes given out - good meals and clean bedding for the soldiers
34
What happened to the death rate in the hospital after Nightingale arrived ?
Fell from 40% to 2% in 6 months
35
What theory did Florence Nightingale believe in ?
Miasma
36
When Nightingale returned to Britain how much money did she raise to help train nurses ?
£44000
37
What 2 books did Nightingale publish and when’s?
- notes on nursing 1859 - notes on hospitals and 1863
38
Where was Nightingale school ?
St Thomas’ hospital
39
How many trained nurses were there in England by 1900 ?
64 000
40
What did Nightingale promote in hospitals ?
- clean water - ventilation - good food - clean clothes
41
What changes were highlighted in the pavilion plan ?
- bigger windows - larger rooms - isolation wards - easy to clean materials (tiles)
42
How many small cottage hospitals were there by 1900 ?
300
43
How many voluntary hospitals were there in London ?
18
44
What happened from 1867 relating to hospitals ?
Infirmaries started in workhouses
45
What was a problem with hospitals during the industrial period ?
They remained expensive
46
What were apothecaries now known as ?
Pharmacies
47
When was boots founded ?
1849
48
When was the first pill machine created ?
1844
49
What treatments started in the industrial period ?
Electric shocks and injection with animal hormones
50
Did quack remedies remain popular ?
Yes
51
Name a popular quack remedy in the industrial period
“Lily the pinks medicinal compound”
52
What theory did Louis Pasteur create ?
Germ theory
53
What 2 theories did people believe in before germ theory ?
Miasma Spontaneous generation
54
What is the idea of spontaneous generation?
Microbes are the product of disease, living organisms originate from inanimate objects
55
When did Pasteur come up with germ theory ?
1861
56
What did Pasteur claim ?
- microbes caused decay and disease - air is full of microbes - microbes can be killed by heating them
57
What is the idea that microbes can be killed by heating them ?
Pasteurization
58
How did Pasteur prove germ theory ?
Experiments on milk, beer, animals and an open vs closed flask
59
What did Pasteur prove in 1865 ?
That disease in animals is caused by germs (pebribe silkworm epidemic)
60
What 3 things did Pasteur do in 1879 ?
Showed how anthrax infects animals Showed germs carried by nurses cause disease in hospitals Discovered the vaccine for chicken Cholera
61
What did Pasteur discover in 1881 and how ?
Vaccine for anthrax, public experiment on sheep
62
What did Pasteur discover in 1885 ?
The vaccine for rabies (saved a 14 yr old boy who was bitted by a rabid dog)
63
What did Lister discover ?
The first effective antiseptic
64
What did Lister use as an antiseptic ?
Carbolic acid
65
When did Lister first use carbolic acid soaked bandages ?
In 1865
66
What injury did Lister first use carbolic acid on ?
A broken leg
67
What did Lister start doing in 1866 ?
Using carbolic acid on medical instruments, operating room and air
68
What happened to the death rate in Listers hospital ?
Reduced from 46% to 15%
69
Where did Lister publish his work ?
In the Lancet (medical journal)
70
What did Lister claim in 1867 ?
That his hospital wards had been free from infection for 9 months
71
What were some negatives of carbolic acid ?
It dried out the skin and left a bad smell
72
What did the discovery of carbolic acid lead to ?
New successful surgeries
73
When was the first removal of an infected appendix ?
1880
74
When was the first heart operation ?
1896
75
What is aseptic surgery ?
Germ free surgery
76
What happened in hospitals 1887 ?
All instruments were sterilized and steam cleaned
77
How did people try and use aseptic surgery ?
- sterilized medical equipment - theaters scrubbed clean - doctors/nurses sterilized their hands - staff wore sterile gowns, gloves, headwear
78
Who created surgical gloves and when ?
William Harstead in 1889
79
What did Koch discover ?
Specific bacteria
80
What did Koch discover in 1876 ?
The anthrax bacteria
81
What did Koch do ?
Discover the first specific microbe that caused a specific disease
82
Name 2 things Koch did to view bacteria ?
- stained bacteria - used photography (zeiss lens)
83
What did Koch discover in 1878 ?
Septicaemia bacteria
84
What did Koch discover when in 1882 ?
Germ that caused Tuberculosis
85
What did Koch discover in 1883 ?
The cholera bacteria
86
When did Koch first grow germs and what on ?
1880, potatoes and solid agar jelly
87
What 4 other bacteria’s did other scientists discover and when ?
- tetanus in 1884 - pneumonia in 1886 - meningitis in 1887 - plague in 1894
88
What are some changes made due to the 1875 public health act ?
- clean water - public parks - public toilets - public health officers to monitor disease outbreaks - new housing of better quality - removal of sewage to prevent the pollution of water - checking the quality of shop food
89
Why did the government pass the 1875 public health act ?
- Edwin Chadwick’s report - Lower life expectancy - The great stink - population increase - cholera epidemics - working class vote - little impact from 1848 health act
90
Why did the 1848 public health act have little impact ?
It was not compulsory
91
When we’re working class men given the right to vote ?
1869
92
What did the population to from 1700-1900 ?
10 mil to 42 mil
93
Why did the the population increase cause disease ?
As the crowded conditions meant that disease spread between people more easily, dirty conditions
94
How many miles of new sewers were built in London ?
1300 miles
95
What did Edwin Chadwick publish ?
Report on the sanitary conditions of the laboring classes
96
What did Edwin Chadwick prove ?
That people in cities had a lower life expectancy
97
What was the average life expectancy of factory workers in the industrial period ?
15
98
Why was the life expectancy so low ?
Filthy conditions

History (6 decks)

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