Memory Flashcards

Question

What does the central executive do?

Answer 1

Limited capacity - data arrives from the senses - determines how slave systems are allocated Does reasoning and decision making tasks **Could be divided into other components**

Answer 2

Limited capacity - Deals with auditory information and preserves word order

Answer 3

Phonological store (words heard) Articulatory process (words heard, seen and silently repeated - maintenance rehearsal)

Answer 4

Visual - What things look like Spatial- Relationships between things Limited capacity (3-4 objects)

Answer 5

Visuo-cache - (how things look) Inner scribe (spatial information)

Answer 6

Added after Baddely realised he needed a more general store Slave systems too specific Central executive has no storage capacity Integrates info from other stores (4 chunks)

Answer 7

1st condition 1st task - occupies central executive (true or false quiz) 2nd task - occupies phonological loop (repeat "the") 2nd condition Repeat the quiz and this time say random digits - Uses central executive and phonological loop) Performance was significantly worse in 2nd condition as both tasks are using the same component

Answer 8

Participants recall more words correctly from a list of short words compared to long words This supports the role of the phonological loop and its capacity is around what you can say in 2 seconds

Answer 9

Similarities: Both have separate LTM & STM Both have a capacity Process info Differences: Info goes to STM then LTM through rehearsal in MSM but WMM = just process it WMM has slave systems MSM is more simplistic

Answer 10

Application - used to test for people with slow processing and then help them e.g. teachers spend more time with them Opposing argument - multi-store memory model (evidence shows repeating info helps loop it into LTM which goes with MSM) Studies lack mundane realism as this sort of experiments isn't an every day occurrence (true or false quiz whilst repeating the. There may be more realistic studies such as listening to music whilst studying EVR had a cerebral brain tumour removed. He could reason suggesting his CE was ok but not make decisions suggesting it was damaged. Therefore suggests **central executive must be sub divided** R.S. Case study reported that brain-damaged patient KF could recall visual but not verbal information immediately after its presentation, which supports the WMM’s claim that: Separate short-term stores manage short-term phonological and visual memories.

Answer 11

Semantic Episodic Procedural

Answer 12

Implicit - knowing how - driving a car Explicit - Knowing that - Knowing that a car carries people from A - B

Answer 13

Knowledge of the world (facts/animals etc)

Answer 14

Recalling events from our lives - likened to a diary

Answer 15

Memory for actions and skills

Answer 16

Tulving thought the working memory model was too simplistic so he came up with the 3 stores

Answer 17

His procedural LTM was intact. Episodic was damaged but not procedural as he could learn how to do things. Doesn't say anything about semantic memory

Answer 18

Evidence of separate LTM stores from brain scans. The hippocampus and temporal lobe are active during **episodic** memory tasks. **Semantic** - temporal lobe. **Procedural** - Cerebellum which is involved in learning Helps treat some cases of memory impairment - older people who have mild cognitive decline can be trained to increase their episodic memory (compared to controls) HM support however only a case study It has been suggested there are 4 stores (procedural representation - if someone says yellow and asks to to say a fruit, you are more likely to say banana as you have been primed )

Answer 19

Previous or new knowledge might interfere with an existing memory. One memory disturbs the recall of another. Interference theory is more likely to happen if the memories are similar.

Answer 20

Learn new things so old things forgotten

Answer 21

Old things stored so can't remember new things

Answer 22

Studies **retroactive** interference Participants learn a set of words to 100% recall Then learnt a second list: 1. Synonyms (only 12% recall) 2. Antonyms 3. Random Words 4. Random Syllable's (26%) 5. 3 Digit Numbers (37%) 6. Control - no new list jus te tested Shows similarity affects interference

Answer 23

Rugby players recalled names of opposing teams over a season Some players were in more games than others If memories simply decay over time then they should all have the same recall Players who played more games forgot due to interference

Answer 24

Research uses artificial tasks which reduces external validity (random lists of words) Opposing argument - retrieval failure. Inteference effects are reduced when researchers provide cues indicating that cueing may be more important Application - in revision strategies by avoiding simmilar material when revising for exams Researchers might purposely create conditions where interference is likely to occur, such as by limiting the time between learning something and trying to recall it e.g. if you kust learn a list of worlds and then get tested, your brain hasnt had time to consolidate info

Answer 25

Tulving - we don't have cues to access memory When we **encode** a new memory, we store information that occurred around it

Answer 26

The greater the similarity between the encoding event and the retrieval event (e.g. location), the greater chance you have to recall it

Answer 27

The encoding specificity principal

Answer 28

Context dependant cueing State dependant cueing

Answer 29

When encoding memory, its the **environmental** cues that help us remember e.g. smell, sounds

Answer 30

When encoding memory, it is our **internal feelings** that help us remember e.g. tired, stressed

Answer 31

**Context dependant cueing** Learn a a list of words on land, recall on land Learn a a list of words on land, recall underwater Learn a a list of words underwater, recall on land Learn a a list of words underwater, recall underwater 40% lower recall in non-matching

Answer 32

Mild anti-histimine sedative) Learn on drug, recall on it Learn on drug, recall not on it Learn not on drug, recall on it Learn not on drug, recall not on it Recall worse in conditions that don't match **State dependant cueing**

Answer 33

Application - Used for eye witnesses (cognitive interview) Opposed by interference theory (tulving). However Tulving and Psotka did research that suggested when participants are presented with cues then the interference effects from learning multiple lists of words disappears. Therefore lack of cues may play a role in interference theory Baddley criticised the research as he says it is unfalsifiable as it is correlational and impossible to know if something has actually acted as a cue Nurture - forget due to environment - ignores all biology (some people may be born with better memories)

Answer 34

Evidence provided in court by someone who witnessed a crime

Answer 35

Post event discussion Leading questions Anxiety

Answer 36

A question without an open end

Answer 37

45 students (5 groups of 9) How fast were the cars going when they ***** into each other Smashed 40.8 Contacted 31.8 150 participants (3 groups of 50) Showed scenes of 2 cars colliding Did you see any broken glass when... One group smashed, One hit, One control (not asked about speed) Over double said yes when smashed

Answer 38

smashed and glass belong in a schema together so people are more likely to assume there was broken glass

Answer 39

Conversations between witnesses taking place after a crime happened

Answer 40

120 participants 60 people from the University of Aberdeen 60 older people from local community Participants watched vid of girl stealing money Participants were either tested individually or in pairs When pairs watched it, 1 saw the crime, 1 didn't (they were told they saw the same video) Participants in the co-witness group then discussed the video after 71% said they saw the crime when they didn't 60% said guilty

Answer 41

Application - criminal justice system (Interviews could be done better and Police should be mindful of what they ask witnesses) Yuille and Cutshalll - showed the remarkable accuracy of ewt when a perp was shot by police. The 2 misleading questions had no effect on recall which was remarkably accurate **(Doesn't explain why they affect some people but not others)** The research can be very artificial. Loftus and palmers sample were aware they were taking part in research so may have behaved differently Changed to accuracy in EWT may be better explained through anxiety. The effects of anxiety are shown through the yerekes dodson effect where small levels of anxiety may help recall but too much hinders it R.S. Loftus did a study in which participants at Disney land were given misleading information about bugs bunny who is not a Disney character being there. These participants were more likely to report shaking hands than those in the control

Answer 42

Gabbert et al. tested two different populations, university students and older adults and found little difference between these two conditions. Therefore her results provide good **population validity** and allow us to conclude that post-even discussion affects younger and older adults in a similar way. Application - of this area is that police should minimise the number of times they interview an eyewitness. They should aim to gather as much information as possible within one interview and if possible prevent doing repeated interviews. This has been shown in the research to improve the accuracy of the recall and should reduce wrongful convictions. The research can be very artificial. Gabbert's sample were aware they were taking part in research and not witnessing a real crime so may have behaved differently Changed to accuracy in EWT may be better explained through anxiety. The effects of anxiety are shown through the yerekes dodson effect where small levels of anxiety may help recall but too much hinders it

Answer 43

An unpleasant emotional state where we fear something bad is going to happen

Answer 44

Our anxiety is accompanied by peripheral arousal (increased heart rate and shallow breathing)

Answer 45

A person is waiting in the reception area of a lab and the receptionist walks out to run an errand leaving the participant alone No weapon - person left lab holding pen with hands covered in grease Weapon - heard argument/ fight sounds (breaking glass). A person ran out with a bloodied letter opener Both groups were shown 50 pictures to identify the perp No weapon - person identified 49% of the time Weapon 33% of the time Johnson claimed that the participants who saw a knife experienced higher levels of anxiety and were more likely to focus on the weapon. Therefore EWT reduced in accuracy

Answer 46

After a real life shooting, 13 of the 21 witnesses agreed to reinterview after 4 months. They were compared to the real police interviews The findings were that accuracy hardly dropped. Colours were less accurate Participants who were most stressed were the most accurate (88% compared to 67%)

Answer 47

Too much anxiety prevents recall. (A combination of Johnson and Scott and Yuile and Cutshall)

Answer 48

Opposed by catastrophe theory which suggests physiological arrousal increases task performance up to an optimum point at which point it decreases. Takes into account performance, cognitive anxiety and peripheral arrousal so it may better explain research into anxiety Application - useful in court for not using EWT of people who have witnessed violent crime. Also useful for getting info from cognitive interview Bothwell labelled people as neurotic or not. Non neurotic people experienced a rise in accuracy with increased anxiety but for neurotic people, the opposite is true. Therefore individual differences may affect peoples ability to give ewt Deterministic

Answer 49

Report everything Reverse the order Go to another persons perspective Reinstate the context

Answer 50

Start when the crimes done and work backwards **disrupts schema**

Answer 51

The witness takes them back mentally to the crime and imagines how they felt etc **The encoding specificity principle**

Answer 52

Go through you're entire day up until after the crime **This may trigger the recall of other info**

Answer 53

Recall the events from the perspective of another person **disrupts schema**

Answer 54

Application - used by police to have more accurate prosecutions. C.A - time and money to train police how to do it Difficult to gather effective data on certain aspects of it e.g. changing perspective Kohnken found an 81% increase of correct info but 61% increase in incorrect info Nomothetic applied to everyone - however it has been found that it is less effective in young people

Answer 55

Maintenance - looping info into **stm** by repeating it Prolonged - repeat info over time so it goes into **LTM**

Answer 56

Primacy - more likely to remember stuff at start of a list Recency - more likely to remember stuff at end of list

Answer 57

P&P = artificial Lab study May be more to do with interference than duration Bahrick = large sample Poor validity

Answer 58

443 female students Participants had to repeat back a string of numbers or letters in the same order and the number of digits/letters was gradually increased, until the participants could no longer recall the sequence. Jacobs found that the student had an average span of 7.3 letters and 9.3 words, which supports Miller’s notion of 7+/-2. **capacity of STM**

Answer 59

Case study reported that brain-damaged patient KF could recall visual but not verbal information immediately after its presentation, which supports the WMM’s claim that: Separate short-term stores manage short-term phonological and visual memories. **R.S for WMM**