Memory

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

Acquisition of information

Question 2

Define memory

Answer 2

Storage of learned information

Question 3

Define recall

Answer 3

Reacquisition of stored information

Question 4

Define the engram

Answer 4

Physical embodiment of a memory

Question 5

What is procedural memory

Answer 5

Skills and associations
- Largely unavailable to conscious minds
- Changes in the brain when these skills are learned

Question 6

What is declarative memory?

Answer 6

Facts or evens
- Available to conscious mind
- Can be taught
Encoded in symbols and language

Question 7

What is explicit memory?

Answer 7

Memory can be consciously recalled

Question 8

What is implicit memory?

Answer 8

Memory that cannot be consciously recalled

Question 9

What are the different types of implicit memory?

Answer 9

Procedural memory
Classical conditioning
Priming (one stimulus influences the response to subsequent stimuli)

Question 10

Duration of immediate memory

Answer 10

Few seconds

Question 11

Duration of short term memory

Answer 11

Seconds or minutes

Question 12

Duration of long term memory

Answer 12

Days, months or years

Question 13

What is working memory?

Answer 13

Memories are immediately memorised in a loop but are not stored in long term

Question 14

Describe patient HM

Answer 14

Temporal lobotomy of epileptic part of brain
- New memories weren’t able to be formed
(Anterograde amnesia)

Question 15

What memory is processed in the frontal lobe?

Answer 15

The working memory

Question 16

What memory is processed in the hippocampus?

Answer 16

Converting short to long term
- Declarative
- Spatial memory formation

Question 17

What occurs in the amygdala?

Answer 17

Multiple, processed sensory inputs
Implicit, emotional and learnt fear

Question 18

What memory is processed in the cerebellum?

Answer 18

Procedural
Sensorimotor

Question 19

What do hippocampus lesions cause?

Answer 19

Formation of new memories is lost

Question 20

Describe the structure of the hippocampus

Answer 20

Three layered cortex

Question 21

Where are the hippocampus inputs?

Answer 21

Entorhinal cortex

Question 22

How does a connection between 2 neurons become stronger?

Answer 22

They must be active (spiking) at the same time

Question 23

What is the Hebbian synapse concept?

Answer 23

Activity is modifiable in neurons
Synapses are plastic

Question 24

Define facilitation

Answer 24

An increase in synapse strength

Question 25

Describe depression in a synapse

Answer 25

A weakened synapse with less postsynaptic effect

Question 26

What is short term facilitation?

Answer 26

Vesicle depletion
- The synapse is weaker due to less vesicles to transport neurotransmitters

Question 27

What is long term potentiation?

Answer 27

Persistent strengthening of synapses leading to long lasting increases in synaptic transmission between neurons

Question 28

Where does LTP occur?

Answer 28

In the Hippocampus between CA3 neuron and CA1 neuron (pre and postsynaptic neurons)

Question 29

How does LTP affect the EPSP?

Answer 29

Increases EPSP amplitude

Question 30

How does LTD affect the EPSP?

Answer 30

Decreases EPSP amplitude

Question 31

Define sensitisation

Answer 31

Increased response to the same stimulus leads to modification

Question 32

What is habituation?

Answer 32

Memory formation due to repeated behaviours

Question 33

What do changes in synaptic strength require?

Answer 33

Receptor activation of glutamate and serotonin

Question 34

What are LTP, LTD and APLYSIA mediated by?

Answer 34

Second messenger (Ca2+ and cAMP)

Question 35

How does LTP occur?

Answer 35

Pre synapse is filled with glutamate release neurotransmitter into cleft
-> Recognised by receptors

Question 36

Action of AMPA receptor

Answer 36

Depolarises the membrane

Question 37

Action of NDMA receptor

Answer 37

Release Ca2+ into post synaptic neuron, activates protein kinase
-> Phosphorylates proteins and increased the activity of AMPA