The hypothalamus and autonomic control

Question 1

What is a vital parameter?

Answer 1

Anything that when changed and disturbed causes disfunction

Question 2

Where are contextual inputs integrated in during homeostasis?

Answer 2

Into the hypothalamus

Question 3

What is a contextual input?

Answer 3

Cortical areas which feed in on top of sensory inputs

Question 4

Where does the paraventricular nucleus feed into?

Answer 4

ANS
Neuroendocrine

Question 5

Describe adenohypophysis

Answer 5

Troph cells stimulated by releasing hormones from parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamus

Question 6

Describe neurohypophysis

Answer 6

Releases hormones from the magnocellular neurons directly into systemic circulation

Question 7

Describe the portal system

Answer 7

Blood goes from one tissue to the other without returning to the heart or the lungs

Question 8

What is the cascade following hormone release by parvocellular neuron?

Answer 8

Hormone is released ->
Travels into circulatory via portal vein ->
Blood is deoxygenated (doesn’t return to the heart) and carries the hormone to bind to receptors in troph cells ->
These release another hormone and travel in systemic circulation in the body

Question 9

Describe the release of hormones from the magnocellular neurons

Answer 9

Axons go through the pituitary and directly release neurons into the systemic circulation

Question 10

Define a trophic hormone?

Answer 10

A hormone that releases a stimulating effect on other hormones

Question 11

Where are trophic hormones found?

Answer 11

The anterior lobe of the pituitary

Question 12

Name 3 trophic hormones

Answer 12

TSH
FSH + LH
ACTH

Question 13

Is the ANS involuntary or voluntary?

Answer 13

Involuntary

Question 14

What are the 2 efferent pathways of the ANS?

Answer 14

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

Question 15

What are the ANS effectors?

Answer 15

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

Question 16

Which efferent pathway has the nickname fight or flight?

Answer 16

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 17

Which efferent pathway has the nickname rest and digest?

Answer 17

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 18

Where do the sympathetic neurons come from?

Answer 18

Thoracic
Lumbar

Question 19

Where do the parasympathetic neurons come from?

Answer 19

Sacral spinal cord
Brain

Question 20

How does the ANS function without the hypothalamus?

Answer 20

Sensory afferent division ->
Brainstem nuclei ->
Motor efferent division

• The degree of hypothalamic control depends on the parameter

Question 21

What is the organisation of the sympathetic ns?

Answer 21

Cervical spinal cord
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

Question 22

What information is processed in the dorsal horn?

Answer 22

Sensory info

Question 23

What information is processed in the ventral horn?

Answer 23

Motor info

Question 24

What neurons are in intermediolateral cell column?

Answer 24

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 25

Where do sympathetic neurons join the sympathetic chain ganglion?

Answer 25

Higher than T1 and L3

Question 26

Where do neurons for the sacral parasympathetic organisation come from?

Answer 26

Intermediate via ventral root to ganglia near the target organ

Question 27

What neurotransmitter does the sacral parasympathetic organisation use? What receptor does this activate?

Answer 27

Acetylcholine
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Question 28

What nerve controls pupil dilation?

Answer 28

Oculomotor nerve

Question 29

What is cranial nerve 3?

Answer 29

Oculomotor nerve

Question 30

What is cranial nerve 10?

Answer 30

Vagus nerve