MEMORY

Question 1

what did Craik create

Answer 1

levels of processing (LOP): memorability depends on LOP at encoding, not store where held or time held

Question 2

more attention, according to the levels of processing theory, means __ and __

Answer 2

deeper processing
better memory

Question 3

what was Craik and Tulving study (1975)

Answer 3

word task (memory test)
-subjects given either structural code (shallow), phenomeic code (moderate) and a sematic code (deep) then tested on their recall

Question 4

what were the results of Craik and Tulving study

Answer 4

semantic code (e.g., does word fit in sentence) produced the highest recall
phenomeic code (e.g., does word rhyme with Cat) produced the secondest highest recall
structural code (e.g., is word in capitals) produced the lowest recall

Question 5

what is a schema

Answer 5

knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information
-can direct our attention, which determines what we encode

Question 6

what are the three processing strategies

Answer 6

1. associations (elaboration, self-reference, visual imagery)
2. organization (chunking, mnemonics)
3. rehearsal (repeating, massed vs distributed learning, testing)

Question 7

what three things is encoding influenced by

Answer 7

1. availability of info (quantity/quality)
2. attention
3. method of processing

Question 8

what is retrieval influenced by

Answer 8

schemas
familiarity
context
method of retrieval

Question 9

why do we forget
*encoding failure

Answer 9

we can’t remember everything
attention controls what we encode
attention is limited and easily shifted

Question 10

why do we forget
*interference

Answer 10

forgetting information because of competition from other sources
-retroactive
-proactive

Question 11

what is retroactive
what is proactive

Answer 11

new information impairs retention of previously learned info

previously learned info impairs retention of new info

Question 12

why do we forget
*decay

Answer 12

not all info is useful to maintain and sometimes we remember unwanted or not useful info

Question 13

what is the decay theory

Answer 13

we have a dedicated, biological, forgetting mechanism that works primarily as we sleep

Question 14

according to the decay theory, memory can be thought of as __

Answer 14

group of active neurons (and other biological materials)
-if that grouping losing integrity or the biological materials are reabsorbed, the memory would be lost

Question 15

why do we forget
*retrieval failure

Answer 15

inability to access stored info

encoding specificity (retrieval cues consistent with [and distinctive to] original encoding better than inconsistent ones)

Question 16

most forgetting occurs within __

forgetting can be due to __, __, __, __ and __

Answer 16

24 hours

encoding failure, interference, decay, motivation to forget and/or retrieval failure

Question 17

what are the four types of non-declarative, long term memory

Answer 17

priming
skills and habits
classical/operational conditioning
habituation and sensitization

Question 18

what is type 1 processing

Answer 18

repetitive rehearsal
-e.g., repeating phone number to keep in mind

Question 19

according to the binding of item and context (BIC) model, the hippocampus is responsible for __
the perihinal cortex is responsible for __
the ventrolateral PFC is responsible for __
the parahippocampal cortex is responsible for __
the dorsolateral PFC is responsible for __

Answer 19

binding item and context
item representation
item specific, who/what info
context representation
relationships between items, where info
**diagram in notes

Question 20

what is the binding of item and context (BIC) model

Answer 20

item specific (who/what) and relational (where) info from neocortex is sent via different anatomical routes to medial temporal lobe
**diagram in notes

Question 21

what is another label for primary memory
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type

Answer 21

working memory

visual/auditory

explicit

Question 22

what is another label for semantic memory
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type

Answer 22

general, factual and/or knowledge

spatial/relational

implicit

Question 23

episodic memory or __ retrieval type is __
procedural memory or __ retrieval type is __

Answer 23

personal events
explicit

non-declarative
implicit

Question 24

another label for perceptual representation memory is __
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type

Answer 24

non-declarative

visual/auditory word form and structural description

implicit

Question 25

maintenance rehersal results in __ while semantic processing results in __

Answer 25

integration (employs item-specific processing) elaboration (employs relational processing)

Question 26

distinctiveness results from __

Answer 26

greater depth of processing and semantic elaboration

Question 27

Craik theoretical perspective emphasized __ while the distinction between item-specific and relational processing emphasizes __

Answer 27

processing depth: perceptual to elaborative semantic processing) processing focus (single to multiple items)

Question 28

recognition obtains greater benefit from __ than free recall

Answer 28

further item-specific processing

Question 29

what is an effective technique for encoding info into long-term memory (thus affecting recall/recognition)

Answer 29

linking information to the self (self reference effect/self memory bias)

Question 30

what is a memory store

Answer 30

where non-active memory representations are held

Question 31

what is declarative memory

Answer 31

memory for facts -key feature= conscious awareness of info retrieved (explicit memory)

Question 32

what is non-declarative memory

Answer 32

behaviours affected by stored info but no conscious awareness of info (implicit memory)

Question 33

what is an explicit memory test what is an implicit memory test

Answer 33

need to remember past (e.g., free/cued recall and recognition tests) test performance influenced by past without intentionally remembering events or aware of their relevance (unintentional/subconscious)

Question 34

what is the transfer appropriate processing (TAP) hypothesis

Answer 34

overlap between processes of encoding/retrieval and predicts best memory performance when processes at encoding transfer to retrieval -emphasizes overlap between encoding and retrieval

Question 35

memory retrieval determined by two factors, what are they

Answer 35

1. constructibility: extent pertinent descriptions of memory targets can be constructed 2. discriminability: extent target memory records can be discriminated by others

Question 36

signal detection theory provides basis for single process account of recognition memory performance, explain

Answer 36

all events or items to be discriminated differently only in amplitude of quantitative measures (familiarity/strength of evidence)

Question 37

what is the most influential theory (created by Yonelinas)

Answer 37

dual process signal detection theory (DPSD): one retrieval process provides assessment of familiarity while second retrieval process is similar to one underlying free-recall

Question 38

the second retriebal process underlying recognition is __

Answer 38

recollection: takes longer to complete, benefits from relational processing at encoding (different routes/cues to target memory representation)

Question 39

familarity based retrieval output predicted to be __ recollection predicts __

Answer 39

classic SDT ROC curve straight line ROC, due to some info being recognized on basic of recollective retrieval while some is recognized on basis of familiarity cue

Question 40

free call has greatest benefit from __ but little benefit from __, which promotes integration

Answer 40

relational processing maintenance rehearsal (item-specific processing)

Question 41

familiarity based recognition depends on __

Answer 41

degree of integration -high degree of item-specific processing (maintenance rehearsal) benefits recognition better than free recall

Question 42

Yonelinas suggests distinction between remembering and knowing reflects __

Answer 42

different phenomenological experiences resulting from recollective and familiarity-based retrieval

Question 43

recollective retrieval provides __ familiarity-based retrieval provides __

Answer 43

qualitative info necessary for remembering quantitative "feeling" about item -feeling of knowing

Question 44

the word fragment task (Tulving) is an example of a __

Answer 44

perceptual incidental (implicit) test: resolve displays perceptually impoverished due to short/incomplete stimulus presentation

Question 45

what is a conceptual incidental test

Answer 45

employ semantic knowledge to answer question or respond to cue -e.g., word association, category exemplar generation and answering general knowledge questions

Question 46

retrieval intentionality criterion distinguishes between __

Answer 46

intention to retrieve and awareness of retrieval -addresses issue of contamination from explicit memory

Question 47

TAP account argues __

Answer 47

match between type of processing (perceptual/conceptual) engaged at encoding and when stimuli are tested are key, rather than difference between memory store retrieval characteristics

Question 48

what does TAP predict

Answer 48

perceptual incidental tests will benefit most from encoding that engages similar perceptual processes

Question 49

Squire attributes performance on intentional tests to __ and performance on incidental to __

Answer 49

declarative memory systems non-declarative memory system

Question 50

multi memory systems perspective attributes performance incidental memory to __, while picture priming attributed to __

Answer 50

unspecified nature of visual word form sub-system of the perceptual representation system unspecified nature of structural description sub system of perceptual representation system