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Sexuality > MEMORY > Flashcards

MEMORY Flashcards

1
Q

what did Craik create

A

levels of processing (LOP): memorability depends on LOP at encoding, not store where held or time held

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2
Q

more attention, according to the levels of processing theory, means __ and __

A

deeper processing
better memory

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3
Q

what was Craik and Tulving study (1975)

A

word task (memory test)
-subjects given either structural code (shallow), phenomeic code (moderate) and a sematic code (deep) then tested on their recall

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4
Q

what were the results of Craik and Tulving study

A

semantic code (e.g., does word fit in sentence) produced the highest recall
phenomeic code (e.g., does word rhyme with Cat) produced the secondest highest recall
structural code (e.g., is word in capitals) produced the lowest recall

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5
Q

what is a schema

A

knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information
-can direct our attention, which determines what we encode

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6
Q

what are the three processing strategies

A
  1. associations (elaboration, self-reference, visual imagery)
  2. organization (chunking, mnemonics)
  3. rehearsal (repeating, massed vs distributed learning, testing)
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7
Q

what three things is encoding influenced by

A
  1. availability of info (quantity/quality)
  2. attention
  3. method of processing
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8
Q

what is retrieval influenced by

A

schemas
familiarity
context
method of retrieval

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9
Q

why do we forget
*encoding failure

A

we can’t remember everything
attention controls what we encode
attention is limited and easily shifted

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10
Q

why do we forget
*interference

A

forgetting information because of competition from other sources
-retroactive
-proactive

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11
Q

what is retroactive
what is proactive

A

new information impairs retention of previously learned info

previously learned info impairs retention of new info

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12
Q

why do we forget
*decay

A

not all info is useful to maintain and sometimes we remember unwanted or not useful info

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13
Q

what is the decay theory

A

we have a dedicated, biological, forgetting mechanism that works primarily as we sleep

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14
Q

according to the decay theory, memory can be thought of as __

A

group of active neurons (and other biological materials)
-if that grouping losing integrity or the biological materials are reabsorbed, the memory would be lost

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15
Q

why do we forget
*retrieval failure

A

inability to access stored info

encoding specificity (retrieval cues consistent with [and distinctive to] original encoding better than inconsistent ones)

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16
Q

most forgetting occurs within __

forgetting can be due to __, __, __, __ and __

A

24 hours

encoding failure, interference, decay, motivation to forget and/or retrieval failure

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17
Q

what are the four types of non-declarative, long term memory

A

priming
skills and habits
classical/operational conditioning
habituation and sensitization

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18
Q

what is type 1 processing

A

repetitive rehearsal
-e.g., repeating phone number to keep in mind

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19
Q

according to the binding of item and context (BIC) model, the hippocampus is responsible for __
the perihinal cortex is responsible for __
the ventrolateral PFC is responsible for __
the parahippocampal cortex is responsible for __
the dorsolateral PFC is responsible for __

A

binding item and context
item representation
item specific, who/what info
context representation
relationships between items, where info
**diagram in notes

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20
Q

what is the binding of item and context (BIC) model

A

item specific (who/what) and relational (where) info from neocortex is sent via different anatomical routes to medial temporal lobe
**diagram in notes

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21
Q

what is another label for primary memory
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type

A

working memory

visual/auditory

explicit

22
Q

what is another label for semantic memory
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type

A

general, factual and/or knowledge

spatial/relational

implicit

23
Q

episodic memory or __ retrieval type is __
procedural memory or __ retrieval type is __

A

personal events
explicit

non-declarative
implicit

24
Q

another label for perceptual representation memory is __
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type

A

non-declarative

visual/auditory word form and structural description

implicit

25
Q

maintenance rehersal results in __ while semantic processing results in __

A

integration (employs item-specific processing)
elaboration (employs relational processing)

26
Q

distinctiveness results from __

A

greater depth of processing and semantic elaboration

27
Q

Craik theoretical perspective emphasized __ while the distinction between item-specific and relational processing emphasizes __

A

processing depth: perceptual to elaborative semantic processing)

processing focus (single to multiple items)

28
Q

recognition obtains greater benefit from __ than free recall

A

further item-specific processing

29
Q

what is an effective technique for encoding info into long-term memory (thus affecting recall/recognition)

A

linking information to the self (self reference effect/self memory bias)

30
Q

what is a memory store

A

where non-active memory representations are held

31
Q

what is declarative memory

A

memory for facts
-key feature= conscious awareness of info retrieved (explicit memory)

32
Q

what is non-declarative memory

A

behaviours affected by stored info but no conscious awareness of info (implicit memory)

33
Q

what is an explicit memory test
what is an implicit memory test

A

need to remember past (e.g., free/cued recall and recognition tests)

test performance influenced by past without intentionally remembering events or aware of their relevance (unintentional/subconscious)

34
Q

what is the transfer appropriate processing (TAP) hypothesis

A

overlap between processes of encoding/retrieval and predicts best memory performance when processes at encoding transfer to retrieval
-emphasizes overlap between encoding and retrieval

35
Q

memory retrieval determined by two factors, what are they

A
  1. constructibility: extent pertinent descriptions of memory targets can be constructed
  2. discriminability: extent target memory records can be discriminated by others
36
Q

signal detection theory provides basis for single process account of recognition memory performance, explain

A

all events or items to be discriminated differently only in amplitude of quantitative measures (familiarity/strength of evidence)

37
Q

what is the most influential theory (created by Yonelinas)

A

dual process signal detection theory (DPSD): one retrieval process provides assessment of familiarity while second retrieval process is similar to one underlying free-recall

38
Q

the second retriebal process underlying recognition is __

A

recollection: takes longer to complete, benefits from relational processing at encoding (different routes/cues to target memory representation)

39
Q

familarity based retrieval output predicted to be __

recollection predicts __

A

classic SDT ROC curve

straight line ROC, due to some info being recognized on basic of recollective retrieval while some is recognized on basis of familiarity cue

40
Q

free call has greatest benefit from __ but little benefit from __, which promotes integration

A

relational processing

maintenance rehearsal (item-specific processing)

41
Q

familiarity based recognition depends on __

A

degree of integration
-high degree of item-specific processing (maintenance rehearsal) benefits recognition better than free recall

42
Q

Yonelinas suggests distinction between remembering and knowing reflects __

A

different phenomenological experiences resulting from recollective and familiarity-based retrieval

43
Q

recollective retrieval provides __
familiarity-based retrieval provides __

A

qualitative info necessary for remembering

quantitative “feeling” about item
-feeling of knowing

44
Q

the word fragment task (Tulving) is an example of a __

A

perceptual incidental (implicit) test: resolve displays perceptually impoverished due to short/incomplete stimulus presentation

45
Q

what is a conceptual incidental test

A

employ semantic knowledge to answer question or respond to cue
-e.g., word association, category exemplar generation and answering general knowledge questions

46
Q

retrieval intentionality criterion distinguishes between __

A

intention to retrieve and awareness of retrieval
-addresses issue of contamination from explicit memory

47
Q

TAP account argues __

A

match between type of processing (perceptual/conceptual) engaged at encoding and when stimuli are tested are key, rather than difference between memory store retrieval characteristics

48
Q

what does TAP predict

A

perceptual incidental tests will benefit most from encoding that engages similar perceptual processes

49
Q

Squire attributes performance on intentional tests to __ and performance on incidental to __

A

declarative memory systems
non-declarative memory system

50
Q

multi memory systems perspective attributes performance incidental memory to __, while picture priming attributed to __

A

unspecified nature of visual word form sub-system of the perceptual representation system

unspecified nature of structural description sub system of perceptual representation system

Sexuality (9 decks)

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