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LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Vasey (instructor) research uses __

A

triangulate: different methods for same hypothesis

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2
Q

what is sexual attraction

what is receptivity

what is proceoptivity

A

increased sexual interest in a target

willingness to engage in sexual activity

active solicitation of sexual activity

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3
Q

the subjective perspective on sexual orientation rejects __ and rejects __

A

idea of objective knowledge (truth) is attainable thus anti-empirical and anti-radical (e.g., Queer Theory)

psychological and behavioural sex differences/orientation have any biological component

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3
Q

the subjective perspective holds all psychological and behavioural differences are social constructs thus is intersubjective thus __

A

knowledge always restricted to culturally and historically specific intersubjectives (limited to emic vs etic viewpoint)
-emic=perspective of insider
-etic=perspective of outsider

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3
Q

what is queer theory

A

variant of social constructionism, which claims special expertise in relation to sex differences and sexual orientation
-seeks to subvert whatever is deemed “normal”
-political strategy

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3
Q

as social constructs, sexuality is infinite, unstable and arbitrary thus __

A

any universal categories we create to characterize sexuality is illusory (e.g., male typical vs female typical)

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3
Q

cannot meaningfully compare culturally and historically specific intersubjectivies thus __

A

are equally valid (cultural relativism)

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4
Q

those with socio-political power controls __

A

what counts as knowledge and truth (episteme)
-“power knowledge”, which relates to Queer theory

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5
Q

what is the goal of Queer Theory

A

push “queer” political agenda by disrupting what counts as normative knowledge to create confusion (obfuscation)
-believe language policing will cause us to think and behave differently thus eliminating oppression caused by categories

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6
Q

what is the Euphemism Treadmill

A

offensive words replaced with non-offensive words
-e.g., homosexual replaced with gay

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7
Q

sexual orientation categories are __ characterized by __

A

objectively real (natural kinds)

objective characteristics (intrinsic properties)
-will emerge regardless of subjective beliefs and historical/cultural context

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8
Q

sexual development begins with __

A

fusion of two anisogamous (unequal) gamates

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9
Q

gamates are __ sex cells meaning __

A

hapoid

they contain single set of 23 chromosomes

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10
Q

fusion of two gamates produces __, that develops into a new individual
these cells contain __

A

diploid cell (zygote)

46 chromosomes (23 pairs: 22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes)

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11
Q

the developing XX and XY embryos have 3 characteristics, what are they

A
  1. one bipotential embryonic gonad
  2. one bipotential embryonic gential (genital ridge)
  3. two embryonic reproductive tracts (Mullerian duct system and Wolffian duct system)
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12
Q

Y chromosomes contain __ and at about 6 weeks post-conception, this triggers __

A

SRY gene

embryonic gonadal tissue to develop into testes

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13
Q

if the SRY gene is absent, __ direct embryonic gonadal tissue to develop into __

A

DAX-1

ovaries

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14
Q

developing embryonic testes produce __ and __

A

testosterone
mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH)

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15
Q

at about 8 weeks post-conception, what four things can occur

A
  1. MIH causes mullerian duct system to regress
  2. T promotes development of Wolffian duct system into male reproductive tract
  3. in absence of T, wolffian duct system regresses
  4. in absence of MIH, mullerian duct system develops into female internal reproductive tract
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16
Q

during embryonic development, __ exists
this has two ridges of skin called the __ and these folds surround the __

A

single bipotential (homologous) protogenital

urethral folds (labia minor or shaft of penis)

urogenital sinus (urinary and genital tracts)

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17
Q

urethral folds meet anteriorly to form __

surround the urethral folds is __

A

genital tubercle (embryonic glans)

genital swelling (labia majora or scrotal sack)

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18
Q

what occurs around 10 weeks post-conception

A

testosterone causes fetal genital tissue to develop into male external genitalia (penis, scrotum)

in absence of T, fetal genital tissues develop into female external genitalia (clit, labial folds)

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19
Q

what are the two types of gamates produced by gonads

they are __, meaning they differ in size and function, explain

A

eggs and sperm

anisogamous (unequal)

eggs are large, nutrient rich and immobile whereas sperm are small, nutrient poor and mobile

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20
Q

in biological terms, how is sex defined

A

production of one type of gamete or the other thus sex refers to reproductive strategies
-strategies represent potentials that are not necessarily realized

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21
females are sex defined by __ and males are sex defined by __ thus sex is __ by sex chromosomes
egg production which occurs in ovaries sperm production which occurs in testes determined (not defined)
22
structures that arise from organizational effects of gonads during development are __ but do not define sex
phenotypic markers that denote sex -include gonads, internal reproductive tracts and genitals
23
primary markers that denote sex develop __ around 10-18, humans undergo __
in utero secondary sexual development (puberty)
24
the second divergence in morphology evolved to __
enhance sexes ability to behaviourally enact one of two broad reporductive strategies: 1. be attractive (female evolutionary strategy) 2. be dominate (male evolutionary strategy)
25
not all species have a sex, give an example
prokaryotes -unicelluar organisms lacking nuclei and mitochondria
26
some species have one sex, give an example some species are simultaneously two sexes, give an example some species are sequentially two sexes, give an example no species has more than two sexes***
whiptail lizards (cloning) corpse snail clownfish
27
what is intersexuality sometimes referred to as
Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)
28
how sex is conceptualized varies __
cross-culturally based on external morphological criteria
29
no change in how we choose to define sex is going to change fact that __
gamete production is an objective and binary biological/reproductive phenomenon, not a socially constructed one
30
intersex conditions are categorical, explain
relative to each other, they are not expressed as continuous gradient from male to female -gamete production is completely dichotomous thus sex does not exist on continuum
31
what is the confirmation bias
tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information that confirms or supports one's beliefs and values
32
what is motivated reasoning
tendency to make decisions that are desired (emotionally-motivated) rather than those that are evidence-based
33
what is gender
belief system used to construct categories based on concepts of masculinity and feminity -anything can be "gendered" by attributing masculine or feminine characteristics to it
34
inter-subjective ideas about what counts as masculine or feminine vary __
across historical times and cultural space
35
when we gender bodies, we create __ give an example
gendered categories of personhood a female who has masculine body is viewed as male
36
in many non-western cultures, gender is __ in these cultures __
conceptualized in non-binary manner transgender, same-sex attracted individuals often identify and are identified by others as non-binary gender
37
what are gender role expectations what is gender role enactment/presentation
culturally prescribed rules associated with how individuals that are perceived to occupy gender category of personhood should behave constellation of masculine and feminine behaviours that individuals manifest
38
there are __ on average between males and females independent of any post-natal socialization that relates to gender role expectations
differences in personality, cognition and behaviour
39
some psycho-behavioural sex difference do not originate as result of gender role expectations, rather they __ however, their expression can be __
precede such socialization influenced by those expectations
40
what is gynephilic what is androphilic what is ambiphilic these are terms for sexual orientation __
sexual attraction to adult females sexual attraction to adult males sexual attraction to adults of both sexes independent of one's own sex
41
what is heterosexual what is homosexual what is bisexual these are terms for sexual orientation __
attraction to opposite sex attraction to same sex attraction to both sexes in relation to one's own sex
42
what are four commonly employed indices of sexual orientation sexual orientation is a __ when conceptualized as something that encompasses all four of these indices
1. sexual identity (orientation) 2. sexual behaviour 3. sexual feelings (attractions/fantasies) 4. sexual (physiological) arousal social construct
43
what two measures are used for sexual feelings as an index of sexual orientation
Kinsley scale self report (subjective)
44
what are two pitfalls involved in assessing sexual feelings
1. people can lie 2. people can unintentionally misreport sexual behaviour and feelings (confabulate) -produce explanation but not one that accounts for real factors underlying one's behaviour or psychology
45
some forms of love are probably closely linked to sexual orientation, what are they?
1. infatuation (passion) 2. romantic love (passion+intimacy) 3. fatuous love (passion+commitment) 4. consummate love (all three components)
46
many types of love do not include sexual feelings, what are they
1. liking (intimacy) 2. empty love (commitment) 3. companionate love (intimacy+commitment)
47
another dimension of sexual orientation is location, explain
external: focusing on allosexual targets internal: focusing on oneself
48
what is the measurement of male genital arousal discussed in lecture
penile plethysmograph
49
heterosexual male's pattern of genital arousal and subjective sexual attraction in response to stimuli is __
sex specific -sexual arousal dependent on sex of human stimulus
50
heterosexual men's genital arousal and subjective sexual attraction are __
sexually concordant -pattern whereby genital arousal and subjective sexual attraction match each other
51
homosexual men's direction of genital arousal is toward men thus __ homosexual men exhibit pattern of genital arousal that is sex-specific thus __
sex a-typical sex-typical
52
what is the sexual attraction rating what is viewing time *methods of samoan research
"how would you feel about having sex with person (image)" 1=very unpleasant 5=very pleasant time between stimuli presentation and response to text prompt
53
through research, it was found that samoan males exhibit __ and __
sex specific attractiveness ratings and sex specific viewing time patterns
54
what is sexual orientation in men
maximum value along an erotic stimulus generalization gradient -morphological distances
55
what is the measurement of sexual arousal for women (vaginal arousal)
vaginal photoplethysmograph
56
heterosexual women's vaginal arousal and subjective sexual attraction are __
NOT sexually concordant
57
heterosexual women are vaginally aroused to __
non-preferred sexual activities -e.g., sex violence no consent/consent
58
lesbians are __ sex specific (sexually concordant) than heterosexual women in terms of __
more subjective sexual attraction
59
lesbians __ sex specific than heterosexual women in terms of vaginal arousal when shown __
more low intensitiy sexual stimuli
60
lesbians and heterosexual women are both sexually non-concordant when __
shown higher sexual intensity stimuli
61
lesbian genital arousal shifted in __
male-typical direction
62
what are two important measures in eye-tracking experiments
1. latency to first fixation (LFF) [automatic attention] 2. total fixation duration (TFD) and total fixation count (TFC) [controlled attention]
63
LFF (latency to first fixation) is NOT sex specific in __ and __ LFF IS sex specific in __ and __
androphilic women/Kinsey 1 ambiphilic women and gynephilic women
64
in monosexual women, controlled attention is __ in ambiphilic women, controlled attention is __
sex specific NOT sex specific
65
in all females, controlled attention is __ with self-reported sexual orientation in the TFD test
concordant
66
female sexual orienting toward stimuli appears to be __
less coupled to automatic physiological processes compared to male sexual orientation -thus, greater cognitive component
67
greater cognitive control in sexual/reproductive realm may be adaptive for heterosexual women because __
they risk incurring relatively greater costs if they make poor sexual/reproductive decisions
68
across cultures and history, individuals who are attracted to same-sex adults are commonly __ they are distinguished by __
categorized into two groups their presentation and behaviour -include cisgender and transgender individuals
69
what is cisgender
person whose presentation and identity is relatively typical for their sex and corresponds to the gender they were assigned at birth
70
what is transgender
person whose presentation and identity is atypical for their sex and does NOT correspond to the gender that they were assigned at birth
71
many cultures categorize androphilic males into transgender and cisgender types, give an example binary categorization of gynephilic females occurs outside the west, give an example
woubi and yossi thai dee and tom
72
binary categorization of androphilic males occurred in ancient past, explain
two types of androphilic males (klibas) were recognized in ancient India (masculine and feminine)
73
binary categorization of gynephilic females have occurred since at least 19th century, explain
in critical arrows (1879), ulrich described how gynephilic females could be very masculine (Mannlingin) or very feminine (Weiblingin)
74
what is binary bias
treating gradients of information as binary -intersubjectivity: binary categorization/social construction
75
what does Whitam (1987) claim
male homosexual and heterosexual tranvesitities (cross dressers) and transsexuals are "two seperate spectra, not one"
76
there are two types of male to female transgenders, what are they
1. homosexual/androphilic 2. heterosexual/gynephilic
77
what are the homosexual/androphilic transgender characteristics
extremely feminine in childhood (cross-dressing) extremely feminine in adulthood exclusively sexually attracted to men (homosexual/androphilic) transition early in life
78
what are the heterosexual/gynephilic transgender characteristics
not feminine in childhood sexually attracted to women (sometimes engage with men) often marry/father children sexually aroused to thought of themselves as women (autogynephilia) fetish cross-dressing transition later in life
79
cisgender androphilic "gay" man and androphilic transgender are considered __ androphilic transwoman and gynephilic transwoman are considered __
same natural kind different natural kind
80
same-sex attracted individuals form two primary types of relationships, what are they
1. homogendered 2. heterogendered
81
homogendered sexual/romantic relationships involve __
two partners who share similar gender roles and gender identities
82
when partners in homogendered relationships are the same age, they often treat each other as __ most common expression of these relationships is __
social equals -such relationships sometimes called egalitarian between two cisgender males or two cisgender female
83
what are two examples of homogendered relationships that are uncommon
1. two masculine/transgender gynephilic females 2. two feminine/transgender androphilic males
84
what are heterogendered sexual/romantic relationships
partners who have different gender roles and gender identities and thus do not treat each other as social equals
85
transgender male androphiles and transgender female gynephiles typically form __
heterogendered relationships with cisgender, same-sex partners
86
the relationship between a "butch" and "femme" women could be characterized as _-
type of heterogendered relationship
87
what are age-graded relationships when partners in homogendered relationships are age-graded, they sometimes __
two partners who differ in age by at least one generation (10 years) do NOT treat each other as social equals
88
androphilic males prefer __ gynephilic females prefer __
masculinity femininity
89
what are the two relationship formations by androphilic males
two men or man with transgender female (i.e., used to be male)
90
what are the two relationship formations by gynephilic females
two women or women with transgender male (i.e., used to be female)

Sexuality (9 decks)

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