AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

Question 1

__ is important to determine if experience is remembered or forgetten
loss of info over time likely caused by __

Answer 1

retrieving/rehearsing memory

memory not being used (loss of synaptic connectivity over time)

Question 2

what is an important source of transience

Answer 2

initial encoding of info into memory

Question 3

degree of activity during encoding in __ and __ predicted remembering/forgetting

left hemisphere activity reflects __ whereas right hemisphere reflects __

Answer 3

parahippocampal (LH/RH)
inferior frontal regions in RH

verbal encoding
nonverbal encoding

Question 4

short-term memory loss deficit attributed to __

Answer 4

phonological loop, which is necessary for holding small amounts of speech-based info

Question 5

what are the two key components of phonological loop

damage to this area results in __

Answer 5

1. phonological store
2. rehearsal mechanism that maintains content

rapid forgetting of speech based info

Question 6

what is absent-mindedness

Answer 6

forgetting caused by insufficient attention to stimulus at time of encoding or retrieval because attended info processed superficially
-lapses of attention during encoding or during attempted retrieval

Question 7

what is encoding error
what is shallow encoding

*relates to absent-mindedness

Answer 7

actions carried out automatically and attention is focused elsewhere

encoding does not proceed beyond categorical level, thus poor recollection of details and vulnerability to change blindness

Question 8

when one is provided with cues related to sought-after time but unable to elicit, it is a __

this can occur in __ and __ memory

Answer 8

retrieval block

episodic and semantic memory

Question 9

what is the most studied example of blocking

Answer 9

tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT): unable to produce word/name but have subjective conviction that items is available in memory

Question 10

what is the part-set cueing effect
*relates to blocking

Answer 10

retrieval cues related to previously studied work can block (inhibit) retrieval of target
-seen in studies on episodic memory

Question 11

what is cryptomensia

Answer 11

misattribute thought/idea to own imagination when they are really retrieving it from prior experience

Question 12

what is a bias

Answer 12

distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Question 13

if one believes they are stable (unchanged) over time, then __
*relates to bias

Answer 13

overestimate consistency between past attitudes and current ones thus relied on current attitudes/feelings to guide reconstruction of past events

Question 14

encoding/retrieval highly dependent on and influenced by __

past experiences may be coloured by __

Answer 14

pre-existing knowledge/beliefs

present mood and emotional state

Question 15

what is persistence

Answer 15

remembering fact/event that prefer to forget
-intrusive recollections of traumatic events, rumination of negative symptoms/events and chronic fear/phobias
-loss of cognitive control over encoding/retrieval

Question 16

what is rumination and regret
*relates to persistence

Answer 16

dwell on current and past events related to current negative mood states, generating alternative or counterfactual scenarios of what might have been

Question 17

__ modulate retrieval in think-nothink paradigm, explain

Answer 17

GABA

positive association with higher GABA in hippocampus= greater ability to suppress “no think” items

Question 18

what are some examples of misattribution

Answer 18

source memory confusion
false recall
false recognition
deja vu

Question 19

what is a common form of retrospective bias

Answer 19

consistency bias: rewrite past to make it consistent with current knowledge, beliefs and feelings

Question 20

what is change blindness

Answer 20

inability to detect changes in scenes unless we are looking at the location of change when it happens
-can result in discrepancies between perceived and actual knowledge
-e.g., door study
*example of absent-mindedness

Question 21

what is intentional blindness

Answer 21

missing important or unexpected information when we are focused on other information
-e.g., gorilla video
*example of absent-mindedness

Question 22

what is retrieval induced inhibition

Answer 22

remembering one thing causes you to forget other things
-retrieval of particular item decreases memorability of related items

Question 23

what is an forensic example of retrieval induced inhibition

Answer 23

witnesses recall event repeatedly
-repeated recall may lead to forgetting of other info

Question 24

misattribution includes what three things

Answer 24

1. false recognition and recall of unseen items
2. source monitoring errors
3. illusion of remembering

Question 25

what is the implicitly theory of change and stability
*related to bias

Answer 25

we believe that we are consistent in our attitudes, beliefs and feelings, though this is untrue

Question 26

what are flashbulb memories

Answer 26

special type of autobiographical memory
-usually for reception of an event rather than the event itself
-vivid, detailed, confident

Question 27

what are the major canonical features of flashbulb memories

Answer 27

unchanging details
recall of ongoing activity
source of information
location of reception event

Question 28

what are subjective measures of memory accuracy

Answer 28

belief:feeling of accuracy
recollection:feeling of remembering

Question 29

a dissociation is created using objective and subjective memories of accuracy, explain

Answer 29

objective measures: flashbulb memories similar (equal to) autobiographical memories
subjective measures: flashbulb memories more accurate than autobiographical memories

Question 30

flashbulb memories (FBM) show a unique kind of persistence, explain

Answer 30

FBM equal to ordinary autobio memories for consitency, longevity (proxy for accuracy)

FBM greater than ordinary autobio memories for vividness and sense of recollection (confidence), valence, emotional intensity and rehearsal