Memory

Question 1

What makes up the allocortex?

Answer 1

Archicortex and paleocortex

Question 2

What percentage of the human cerebral cortex does the allocortex make up?

Answer 2

10%

Question 3

After dissection, what else can be viewed in the allocortex?

Answer 3

Hippocampal formation (hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum)

Question 4

The hippocampus connects with what?

Answer 4

Septal nuclei, mamillary body, and contralateral hippocampus via fornix

Question 5

What 3 layers make up the hippocampus?

Answer 5

1, 5, and 6

Question 6

What projects to the hippocampus (Ammon’s horn)?

Answer 6

Dentate gyrus

Question 7

What 3 layers make up the dentate gyrus?

Answer 7

1, 4, and 6

Question 8

What merges with the entorhial area?

Answer 8

Subiculum

Question 9

The hippocampal formation receives 1° imput from the entorhinal cortex of the parahippocampal gyrus through what?

Answer 9

Perforant and alveolar pathway

Question 10

What does the hippocampal formation play an important role in?

Answer 10

Declarative memory

Question 11

T/F Episodic is factual information

Answer 11

False; episodic is daily episodes of life; semantic is factual information

Question 12

Parahippocampal regions have bidirectional connections with what?

Answer 12

Cerebral cortex

Question 13

The hippocampus has bidirectional connections with what?

Answer 13

Parahippocampal regions

Question 14

What do the connections between the hippocampus and paracampal regions allow for?

Answer 14

Promotes more flexible associations among items; differentiating overlapping patterns; encoding of each unique episode

Question 15

What are hippocampal “place” cells?

Answer 15

Presumably the principal cells in each of the layers that fire in complex bursts when an animal moves through a specific location in an environment

Question 16

Memory functions can be localized to specific regions of the brain such as?

Answer 16

Hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus

Question 17

Memories are caused by changes in what?

Answer 17

Sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous mental activity

Question 18

What do the changes in sensitivity cause?

Answer 18

They cause new pathways or facilitated pathways to develop “memory traces”

Question 19

Memory traces can occur at all levels of the nervous system from ____ to ____

Answer 19

Spinal cord to cortex

Question 20

Most memory we associate with intellectual processes is based on what?

Answer 20

Memory traces in cerebral cortex

Question 21

Positive memory is associated with what?

Answer 21

Facilitation

Question 22

Negative memory is associated with _____

Answer 22

Habituation (suppression)

Question 23

Short term memory lasts how long?

Answer 23

Seconds to minutes

Question 24

_____ memory lasts years to entire life

Answer 24

Long term

Question 25

What type of memory lasts days to weeks?

Answer 25

Intermediate long term memory

Question 26

What is the NMDA receptor associated with?

Answer 26

Synaptic learning/memory

Question 27

What does the NMDA receptor bind?

Answer 27

Glutamate

Question 28

What type of ionic channels are associated with the NMDA receptors?

Answer 28

Ligand and voltage gated

Question 29

T/F Memory has stages and is continually changing

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Long term memory has what kind of changes?

Answer 30

Plastic changes

Question 31

Physical changes coding memory are localized in what?

Answer 31

Multiple regions of the brain

Question 32

____ and ____ memory involve different neuronal circuits

Answer 32

Reflexive and declarative

Question 33

Memories are caused by groups of neurons that fire together in what?

Answer 33

Fire together in the same pattern each time they are activated

Question 34

What are characteristics of conscious memory?

Answer 34

Memory of details of an integrated thought; memories of surroundings, time relationships, cause and meaning of the experience; acquiring knowledge of people, places, and things; involves hippocampal gyrus

Question 35

What is the hippocampal gyrus used for?

Answer 35

Evaluation, comparison, inference

Question 36

What is the name of a rare phenomenon where a person has total recall of all events experienced since age 10-14 to the present?

Answer 36

Hyperthymestic syndrome

Question 37

Those with hyperthymestic syndrome have a large ____

Answer 37

Caudate nucleus

Question 38

Unconscious memory is associated with what?

Answer 38

Motor activity

Question 39

With unconscious memory, we acquire ___ or ___ skills that are unavailable to consciousness

Answer 39

Motor or perceptual

Question 40

Certain forms of unconscious memory involve what parts of the brain?

Answer 40

Amygdala and cerebellum

Question 41

Declarativr memory can be subdivided into what 2 categories?

Answer 41

Episodic and semantic

Question 42

Declarative memory involves the funcgion of what?

Answer 42

Hippocampus and parahippocampal areas

Question 43

T/F The cortical areas are thought to process newly learned information

Answer 43

False; the hippocampus processes newly learned information (and then transfers it to cortical areas)

Question 44

How long may the hippocampus store long term memory?

Answer 44

Weeks

Question 45

The hippocampus gradually transfers memory to specific regions of ____

Answer 45

The cerebral cortex

Question 46

How many major synaptic pathways does the hippocampus have?

Answer 46

3

Question 47

Each major synaptic pathway of the hippocampus is capable of long-term potentiation which is thought to play a role in what?

Answer 47

The storage process

Question 48

Bilateral removal of what produces profound deficits in memory function?

Answer 48

Hippocampus

Question 49

T/F Short term memory is lost with removal of the hippocampus

Answer 49

False; short term memory is in tact; the capacity to form new long term memory is lost

Question 50

With removal of the hippocampus, there is a loss in ability to transfer most types of learning from ___ to ___ memory

Answer 50

Short term to long term (exception is reflexive learning, i.e. motor skills)

Question 51

T/F if the hippocampus is removed, there is a loss of orientation in space and time

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Memory capabilities that are spared follwing bilateral lesions of the temporal lobe typically involve learned tasks with what in common?

Answer 52

Tasks tend to be reflexive not reflective and invilve habits, motor, or perceptual skills They do not require conscious awareness or complex cognitive processes (e.g. comparison and evaluation)