Memory

Question 1

Cues

Answer 1

Pieces of information in the present that help us remember events from the past, and are central to remembering

Question 2

Asking participants to recall studied information without help

Answer 2

Free recall

Question 3

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 3

A natural consequence of the importance of cues is that how we encode information affects how we are able to retrieve it

Question 4

Episodic memories

Answer 4

Autobiographical memories that are based on life events

Question 5

Three memory processes

Answer 5

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 6

3 Stages: Atkinson Schiffrin Model

Answer 6

Sensory Memory to Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory

Question 7

Sensory Memory (how long)

Answer 7

.5-2 seconds

Question 8

Short term memory (how long)

Answer 8

12-18 seconds

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

Stores an exact copy of incoming info for a few seconds

Question 10

Types of sensory Memory

Answer 10

Iconic - visual sensory images (1/2 second)

Echoic - auditory activity (2 seconds)

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

Type of sensory Memory
Visual sensory images
1/2 second

Question 12

Echoic memory

Answer 12

Type of sensory Memory
Auditory activity
2 seconds

Question 13

Short term memory (STM)

Answer 13

Stores small amounts of information (12 seconds)
-selective attention
-encoded phonetically
Working memory
-like a mental "scratchpad"

Question 14

Selective attention

Answer 14

Focusing on a selected proportion of sensory input

Question 15

Phonetically encoded

Answer 15

Storing info by sound (Tim)

Question 16

Working memory

Answer 16

Like a mental scratchpad

Read a book, do math, put together a puzzle

Question 17

Long term memory

Answer 17

Stores information relatively permanently
Stored on basis of meaning and importance
Can store nearly limitless amounts of information
Memories are encoded on the basis of meaning

Question 18

How is a STM stored

Answer 18

Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative processing
Without rehearsal, information is lost from STM in 12-18 seconds

Question 19

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 19

Repeating information to prolong its presence in STM (phone number)
Sensitive to interruption

Question 20

Elaborative processing

Answer 20

Links new information with existing memories and knowledge in LTM

Question 21

STM Capactity

Answer 21

Digit span: 7 (+-2)
Information bits: meaningful units of information
Chunking

Question 22

Redintegration

Answer 22

Memory reconstructed by starting with one memory
Following chains of association to related memories
-showing a picture of HS graduation
-Serves a a trigger/cue

Question 23

2 types of long term memories

Answer 23

Procedural memory

Declarative memory

Question 24

Procedural memory

Answer 24

Type of LTM

learned actions like driving, typing, swinging a cold club (lower brain areas)

Question 25

Declarative memories (and 2 types)

Answer 25

Factual information like names, faces, dates, and ideas - semantic memory - episodic memory

Question 26

Semantic memory

Answer 26

Mental dictionary of basic knowledge Type of declarative memory Ex. The meaning of letters, the concept of a cat, the sounds that letters make, the idea of a car, how letters put together can make a word, knowledge that Annapolis is the capital of Maryland

Question 27

Episodic memory

Answer 27

Autobiographical record of personal experiences - events: what, where, who, when - where you were and with who when you found out you got into GT, your skiing vacation last winter, the first time you traveled by airplane, your roommate from your first year of college, the details about how you learned of a relatives death

Question 28

Memories that are available but not quite retrievable

Answer 28

Partial memories

Question 29

Examples of partial memories

Answer 29

Tip of the tongue Feeling of knowing Deja vu (memory trace)

Question 30

3 ways to measure memory

Answer 30

Recall, recognition, relearning

Question 31

Recall

Answer 31

Direct retrieval of factors or info Long term memory to working memory Typical remember beginning and end

Question 32

Recognition

Answer 32

To correctly identify preciously leaned material Multiple choice tests/pictures "Forget names, but not faces"

Question 33

Is recall of recognition easier

Answer 33

Recognition > recall | Superior, easier

Question 34

Distractors

Answer 34

False items included with a correct item

Question 35

False positive

Answer 35

False sense of recognition

Question 36

Relearning

Answer 36

Learned again something that was not previously learned | Savings score

Question 37

Savings score

Answer 37

Amount of time saved when relearning information | 1hr -> 45 mins (25% savings score)

Question 38

Explicit memory and example

Answer 38

Past experiences that are consciously brought to mind (last 3 presidents)

Question 39

Implicit memory

Answer 39

Lie outside your awareness | -typing

Question 40

Priming

Answer 40

Cues to activate hidden memories

Question 41

Implicit or explicit: When a skilled typist is typing on a keyboard, she does not need to look at each key. Instead, she is able to type without recalling the placement of each key

Answer 41

Implicit

Question 42

Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting axes

Answer 42

Retention (savings score percentage) vs. elapsed time since learning

Question 43

Encoding failure

Answer 43

When a memory was never formed in the first place

Question 44

Memory traces

Answer 44

Changes in nerve cells or brain activity

Question 45

Memory decay

Answer 45

The weakening of memory traces New info pours in, replaces old info Leaky buckets

Question 46

Infrequent retrieval (only offers a partial explanation of long term forgetting)

Answer 46

Disuse

Question 47

Cue dependent forgetting

Answer 47

Retrieval cues | "What were you doing on Monday afternoon, on the third week of May, two years ago?

Question 48

State dependent learning

Answer 48

When memory retrieval is influenced by body state | Ex. Happy vs sad mood while studying and taking a test

Question 49

Interference (two types)

Answer 49

Retroactive and proactive

Question 50

Retroactive interference

Answer 50

New memories interfering with old

Question 51

Proactive interference

Answer 51

Old memories interfering with new

Question 52

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 52

Forget everything from before, only remember information from now

Question 53

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 53

Remember everything from before, cannot make new memories

Question 54

Consolidation

Answer 54

Relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain

Question 55

Brain structure associated with information passing from short term memory into long term memory If damaged, anterograde amnesia (no longer create new long term memories) Memories prior to damage will remain intact

Answer 55

Hippocampus

Question 56

Memories created during times of personal tragedy, accident, or other emotionally significant events

Answer 56

Flashbulb memories

Question 57

Flashbulb memories

Answer 57

Memories created during times of personal tragedy, accident, or other emotionally significant events Both positive and negative effects Great confidence in them even though they may be inaccurate -emotion (limbic system) driven

Question 58

What stores declarative memories and where?

Answer 58

Cortex Episodic in the front Semantic in the back

Question 59

What stores procedural memories

Answer 59

Cerebellum

Question 60

Superior memory

Answer 60

Exceptional memory Eidetic imagery Mental imagery

Question 61

Eidetic imagery

Answer 61

Someone like a photographic memory (pages or numbers)

Question 62

Mental imagery

Answer 62

Mental pictures of objects or events