Memory

Question 1

Information Processing Model

Answer 1

We process information like computers do. We receive input, process it, and then output a decision. It’s a bottom-up process

Question 2

Iconic memory

Answer 2

Temporary visual sensory memory that lasts half a second

Question 3

Echoic memory

Answer 3

Temporary auditory sensory memory that lasts 2-4 seconds

Question 4

Sensory Memory

Answer 4

A temporary memory that registers all of the senses you are taking in

Question 5

Working Memory

Answer 5

Memory regarding things you are thinking about at the moment; the sensory memory that is processed and stored while it is given attention. It’s capacity is 7 plus/minus 2

Question 6

Serial Position Effect

Answer 6

The tendency to recall the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) few items of a series or list

Question 7

Phonological loop

Answer 7

Processes verbal information in working memory

Question 8

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 8

Processes visual + spatial information

Question 9

Central Executive

Answer 9

Coordinates between the phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad for the processing of verbal and visual information simultaneously in working memory

Question 10

Episodic Buffer

Answer 10

A buffer that stores information and acts as a connector for that information to be stored in long term memory

Question 11

Dual Coding Hypothesis

Answer 11

It is easier to remember words associated with images than either of them alone

Question 12

Method of Loci

Answer 12

Associating each item to be remembered with a location along a route that has already been memorized

Question 13

Long Term Memory

Answer 13

A type of memory that is limitless in terms of capacity and longevity of knowledge

Question 14

Declarative/Explicit Memory

Answer 14

A type of long term memory that has to do with the recall of facts that can be easily described. Usually conscious

Question 15

Semantic Memory

Answer 15

A type of explicit memory that has to do with language and words (still facts)

Question 16

Episodic Memory

Answer 16

A type of explicit memory that has to do with life events

Question 17

Implicit Memory

Answer 17

A type of long term memory that has to do with things not usually articulated; previous experience aides in performing tasks. Usually unconscious

Question 18

Procedural memory

Answer 18

A type of implicit memory that controls habits

Question 19

Priming

Answer 19

An implicit memory effect where previous experiences influence the response to a later stimulus

Question 20

Semantic Network

Answer 20

A brain mapping network where concepts are linked together based on similar meaning

Question 21

Spreading Activation

Answer 21

The unconscious activation of nodes in a semantic network that are linked to a node that is consciously activated

Question 22

Encoding

Answer 22

The transfer of sensory information into memory

Question 23

Autobiographical memory

Answer 23

Memory that consists of a combination of semantic and episodic memories

Question 24

Rote Rehearsal

Answer 24

Repeating the thing to be encoded over and over again. Least effective

Question 25

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 25

A form of rehearsal where information is associated to knowledge already in long-term memory

Question 26

Chunking

Answer 26

Grouping information into meaningful categories

Question 27

Mnemonics

Answer 27

Vivid organization of information into stuff already known

Question 28

Peg-Word System

Answer 28

A type of mnemonic that associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble that number (ex. 3 rhymes with tree. A broccoli looks like a tree)

Question 29

Self-reference Effect

Answer 29

We encode and recall information better when we put the information in context of our own lives

Question 30

Spacing

Answer 30

Spreading out the memorization or encoding of information into shorter periods

Question 31

Retrieval

Answer 31

Trying to bring from memory something previously encoded into working memory

Question 32

Context effects

Answer 32

Memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

Question 33

State-dependent memory

Answer 33

Memory is aided by being in the same mental or psychological state when encoding took place

Question 34

Relearning

Answer 34

Learning material again that was encoded to long term memory but wasn't available for recall

Question 35

Recognition

Answer 35

Identifying information that was previously learned

Question 36

Recall

Answer 36

Trying to pull something out of memory

Question 37

False memory/information

Answer 37

Inaccurate recall or recollection of information

Question 38

Misinformation effect

Answer 38

Misleading recall cues (like leading questions) can lead to inaccurate recollections

Question 39

Source Monitoring Error

Answer 39

Error when the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience

Question 40

Source amnesia

Answer 40

A condition where someone can remember the details of an event or a piece of information but will not remember the source

Question 41

Flashbulb memories

Answer 41

Highly vivid memories about emotionally arousing events; people claim to remember every little detail, but they are usually susceptible to memory reconstruction errors

Question 42

Memory confabulation

Answer 42

The filling in the gaps of memories so much so that our memories of an event gradually change drastically

Question 43

Long Term Potentiation

Answer 43

The strengthening of a synapse due to the repeated stimulation by the presynaptic nerve cell, facilitating future recall

Question 44

Decay

Answer 44

When we don't recall information for a while, connections become weaker and we can't recall it as well

Question 45

Ebbinghaus

Answer 45

German psychologist who found the decay curve -- most decay occurs in the first few days, but after that it levels out.

Question 46

Retroactive Interference

Answer 46

New information interferes with previously encoded information

Question 47

Proactive interference

Answer 47

Previously encoded information interferes with new information

Question 48

Types of memory that are stable with aging

Answer 48

Implicit memory and recognition

Question 49

Types of memory that improve with aging

Answer 49

Semantic memories and emotional reasoning; recalling episodic memories

Question 50

Types of memory that decline with aging

Answer 50

New episodic memories, recall, and prospective memories

Question 51

Dementia

Answer 51

A loss of memory and cognitive function that interferes with daily life

Question 52

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 52

Most common form of dementia; a degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to the loss of acetylcholine in neurons. Characterized by a buildup of ß-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 53

Koraskoff's Syndrome

Answer 53

A form of memory loss related to thiamine deficiency. Symptoms include retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

Question 54

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 54

Loss of previously formed memories

Question 55

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 55

Inability to create new memories

Question 56

Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Answer 56

A condition that is a precursor to Koraskoff's Syndrome, usually due to brain damage resulting in problems with balance, memory, and eye movement, alongside with confusion. Can be treated and reversed

Question 57

Agnosia

Answer 57

The loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds