Memory Flashcards
What does acoustically similar words mean? Give examples
Mat pat cat
What does semantically similar words mean? Give examples
Big huge large
what is a cognitive interview? what are the 4 components of the interview? who developed it?
a type of interview conducted by police to enhance witnesses memory. reinstate the context, report everything, change the order and then change perspective. fisher and geiselman
what is an enhanced cognitive interview? who developed it?
aims to reduce the eye witnesses anxiety, minimizes distractions, gets the witness to speak slowly and asks open ended questions by establishing eye contact. fisher
name two things that can create misleading information
leading questions and post-event discussion
name 3 things that can create anxiety between the witnesses of an event
negative recall on events, positive recall on events and the Yerkes-Dodson law
what is negative recall of events?
dependent on the situation, for example if witnesses are asked to recall an event with a greasy pen they have low anxiety and 49% of pps where able to correctly identify the man with the pen. however witnesses asked to recall an event with a knife covered in blood they have high anxiety and 39% of the pps where able to correctly identify the man with the knife. therefor this is when anxiety effects the eyewitnesses testimony negatively
what is positive recall of events?
dependent of the situation, for example 58 real witnesses of a robbery, one person questioned was an employee/ customer who had low anxiety during the robbery and the other person questioned was the bank teller who experienced high anxiety. however the findings of the interviews found that all the witnesses showed good memories (75% accuracy of recall) therefore showing that anxiety had not negatively effected the witnesses memories.
what is a state dependent?
is when there’s a biological difference between the event and remembering it for example being on antihistamine during an event and off it while trying to remember the event the individual would remember less than if they was on antihistamine again while attempting to remember. results show being in the same state increases memory
what is a context dependent?
is when there’s an environmental difference between the event and remembering it for example being underwater during an event and being on land while trying to remember the event the individual would remember less than if they was on underwater again while attempting to remember. results show being in the same environment increases memory
name two types of interference which cause forgetting
retroactive interference and proactive inference
name three types of retrieval failure due to absence of cues
encoding specificity principal, context dependent forgetting and state dependent forgetting
what is retroactive interference?
retro = backwards
when the learning of new things between the event and retrieval begins to effect the memory of the event
what is proactive interference?
pro = forward
when old information from before the event is affecting the retrieval of new information
what is context dependent forgetting?
this is when a change in environment causes forgetting or lack of retrieval due to missing cues
