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PSYC1016 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory

A

acquisition, retention, retrieval

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2
Q

What is memory likened to

A

a computer

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3
Q

what is acquisition

A

the process of attending to a stimulus and encoding into memory

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4
Q

what is retention

A

preservation of stored material over an interval

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5
Q

what is retrieval

A

process of getting information back for use

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6
Q

what is the difference between computer and human memory

A

human memory is not passive

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7
Q

how does current context affect the way we remember things

A

current interpretation affects how inference what were doing

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8
Q

what is the MSM and who was it proposed by

A

Memory model consist of 3 different types of storage compartments: a sensory, ST and LT store
Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968

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9
Q

What is sensory memory and what does it encompass

A

Initial presentation of a stimulus, immediately form sensory memory of it
Encompasses iconic (very short; few hundred milliseconds) and echoic memory (about 4 seconds; important for
understanding speech)

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10
Q

what is STM and what does it encompass

A

items that we are currently aware of allows us to experience the world in an integrated fashion; where integrate what just happened into current experience

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11
Q

Give 2 ways items are lost from STM

A

decay and displacement

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12
Q

How can decay and displacement be avoided

A

practising rehearsal

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of rehearsal

A

maintenance and elaborative

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14
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

keeps items active in STM

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15
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

can transfer an item in STM into LTM

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16
Q

what happens if rehearsal isn’t practised

A

almost be completely gone after 20 secs

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17
Q

how can the capacity of the STM be increased

A

Chunking- grouping together to form larger

whole; occurs with expertise

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18
Q

how does information reach LTM

A

from STM through elaborative rehearsal

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19
Q

What are Levels Of Processing in the LTM

A

Memory is determined by how information is processed,

not by STM, LTM ‘box’. can be shallow or deep

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20
Q

What is general LTM knowledge and what is specific

Study These Flashcards
A

Episodic memory is context SPECIFIC.

Semantic memory is general and traces not tied to set context.

21
Q

give 2 examples of encoding specificity

Study These Flashcards
A

Baddeley and the land/water study.

State-dependent Learning- match between “states” (e.g., mood, drug influence) of encoding and retrieval

22
Q

what is evidence of semantic memory

Study These Flashcards
A

semantic priming - if a word is processed

immediately preceding a second related word, the processing of the second word is enhanced.

23
Q

what is passive LTM memory

Study These Flashcards
A

trace driven memory

24
Q

what is the tape recorder analogy

Study These Flashcards
A

parts of tape can drop out/distort, but changes are random so memory is literal re-experiencing of the past when trace retrieved

25
what is active LTM memory
schema driven memory
26
what are flashbulb memories
occur for surprising, vivid experiences e.g. disasters or assassinations Very recoverable memories; many details are available Whenever someone asks you to recount the details, it's like replaying the event "tape"
27
what did Bartlett do for active memory
developed notion of schema in memory and argued schemas play crucial role Remembering (1932) - revolutionised the field
28
What did Loftus investigate
memory can be affected by post-event information
29
How did Loftus and Palmer interpret their results
post-event information alters how the person’s schema and how the original event reconstructed post-event misinformation can produce false memories of more relevant, personal details
30
Who looked into false confessions and how many types are there
Kassin & Wrightsman, 1985 | 3 types
31
what is a voluntary false confession
Voluntary False Confession - an innocent person confesses to committing a crime without external pressure, but s/he does not actually believe in his/her own guilt
32
what is a coerced compliant false confession
an innocent person confesses to committing a crime for instrumental gain, but s/he does not actually believe in his/her own guilt (
33
what is a coerced internalised false confession
innocent person confesses to committing a crime for instrumental gain, but s/he really believes in his/her own guilt.
34
give 2 examples of studies of false confessions
Paul Ingram case | Kassin & Kiechel (1996)
35
what is the recovered/false memory debate
Research on the reconstructive (schema-driven) approach to memory suggests that what you believe partly determines what you remember
36
how many core ideas fundamental to repressed memory are there
5
37
why must therapists be careful about how they interrogate
easy to implant memories
38
what is the STM also known as
working or primary memory
39
what is the capacity of the STM
limited; (7 + or – 2) items
40
what is shallow processing
processing of superficial features; not good memory
41
what is deep processing
processing for meaning; results in better memory
42
what does episodic memory do
Obeys the principle of Encoding Specificity where best retrieval cues are ones present at time items learned Matching the retrieval cues matches the encoding/retrieval context.
43
what does semantic memory do
Representations form semantic network Cluster of related concepts are formed, is schema. Activation can spread around network; activate one concept and activation spreads to other related concepts
44
define and outline what a trace is
what left behind in memory after an event has occurred. Can be retrieved at any time after the event Can deteriorate with time, but fundamentally unaltered by schemas
45
what is a schema
a set of expectations about the way the world works | that affects the information we attend to and remember.
46
how does schema driven memory work
Memory is not a literal re-experiencing | Depending on current expectations, interpretation and biases, memory of the past will vary.
47
give examples of Bartletts experiments
War of the Ghosts | Method of serial reproduction
48
what did Bartlett find from his method of serial reprod experiment
Transformations were in the direction of accepted conventional representations. elaborated features until a recognised form produced, then simplification into something more conventional Assignment of a name influences what is reproduced Preservation of certain details once recognised form is achieved
49
What did Bartlett find from his War of the Ghosts experiment
simplification and coherence was achieved by: Omissions Rationalisation Transformation of details into something more familiar and conventional Changing order of events fill in unconventional bits with information that was consistent with their viewpoint

PSYC1016 (9 decks)

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