memory content Flashcards

Question

outline A03 points for WMM

Answer 1

strength: research support for dual processing (Baddeley and Hitch) strength: evidence from studies with higher EV - KF criticism: WMM too vague (CE)

Answer 2

motorcycle accident. STM forgetting of auditory info rather than visual. Had issues specifically with his PL. This supports the idea we have separate slave systems.

Answer 3

interference (pro/retroactive interference) retrieval failure (context/state dependent forgetting)

Answer 4

old information affects new information (remember old, forget new) e.g. you learn French and then Spanish. In Spanish you end up speaking French.

Answer 5

new information affects old (forget old, remember new) e.g. get new pin, when you go to type your old pin in you can’t recall it

Answer 6

Rugby players (RI) Mcdonald and McGeoch (list A and B - similar and dissimilar) (RI)

Answer 7

- Rugby Pp’s who had played several rugby games were asked to remember as many of the teams they had played against they could. - some players had played all games and some had missed some due to injury - Forgetting was more due to the number of games played (so interference of memory had occurred) rather than the amount of time that passed between games

Answer 8

- Gave participants 10 adjectives (List A). - They learned list A then had a break for 10 min and learned list B. They then recalled List A. •List A & B similar = recall of A poor (12%) •List B nonsense = recall better (26%) •List B was numbers (very dissimilar) = recall best (36%). list B (new info) was affecting then recall of old info (list A) (retroactive interference)

Answer 9

**_research support for RI_** _McDonald and McGeoch_ highly scientific **but** lack of EV (no consequence) less likely to have RI if semantics or could be retrieval delay issues (10 min break) **_research support with EV_** _Rugby players_ interference = issue not retrieval delay in RL **but** could only be true of RI **_but research support for PI_** _meta-analysis of studies on PI_ If 10 or more lists remembered, after 24 hrs 20% recalled new info, if only 1 list 70% RLA for understanding how to improve recall and reduce forgetting, e.g. avoid revising similar subjects for exam on same day.

Answer 10

context-dependent failure state-dependent failure

Answer 11

External retrieval cues different or same as when learnt/encoded. E.g., learning information in a classroom and recalling in an exam hall.

Answer 12

Internal retrieval cues different or same as when learnt/encoded. E.g., eyewitness recalling a crime they saw when drunk, when they were sober.

Answer 13

BOOB 18 divers learned lists of 36 unrelated words B leant B recalled - 13.5 O learnt O recalled - 11.4 B learnt O recalled - 8.5 O learnt B recalled - 8.6 same context = higher recall - useful as shows we should learn and recall info in same external context. shows importance of learning in exam conditions to ensure a similar context. (but not possible to do this all the time - e.g. EWT)

Answer 14

not possible to conduct all learning in the same context, e.g. unethical to take eyewitnesses back to scene of crime (however can reinstate context in cognitive interview)

Answer 15

48 medical students day 1 - training, day 2 - testing randomly assigned to 4 groups; - SS, AA, AS, SA (A=intoxicated, S=sober) more errors made in AS or SA conditions than AA and SS. SS performed best in all tasks. so being in same internal state increases recall.

Answer 16

unethical and impractical to place people in the same state, e.g. PTSD or getting someone intoxicated in a police interview or court.

Answer 17

**_RLA_** _BOOB_ shows should learn/recall in same external context. Shows importance of learning in exam conditions to ensure a similar context. **But** not always possible e.g. Ew back to crime scene but could reinstate context in cog interview. **_practical issues_** _48 medical students_ same internal state increases recall. **but** unethical/impractical to put ppl in same state. e.g. PTSD/drunk for police interview. **but** helps increase accuracy of EWT. (e.g. reinstatement of context)

Answer 18

leading questions post-event discussion anxiety

Answer 19

45 Students shown film clips of car accidents. They were asked a variety of questions, but one that was experimental- “How fast was the car going when it… into the other vehicle” They added in 5 different verbs (hit, collided, smashed, bumped, contacted). Hit: 31 mph mean; Smashed 41 mph (mean). Leading Questions contaminate our memories (false memories). Therefore EWT is not reliable and should not be used if interviewers used leading questions.

Answer 20

150 students, 7 film clips. Hit, smashed. Asked questions. Guess estimate mph. One week later re-interviewed and asked question; ‘Did you see broken glass?’. More people reported seeing broken glass when verb smashed was used than hit. Conclusion: More said broken glass in smashed than hit. people were more likely to have a false memory if they had had a leading question.

Answer 21

**_strength-research support_** _Loftus and Palmer exp 1_ hit 31, smashed 41mph. Leading Q decrease accuracy **but** room for response bias. _exp 2 - broken glass_ removed response bias asked did you see any broken glass? 16/50 said yes in smashed more people said yes in smashed than hit. (false memory if leading Q) **but** lacks EV lack of consequence. students-not drivers? 16/50 had false memories so their memory became more violent, so we shouldn’t use EWT. BUT 34/50 didn’t have false memory. Can’t generalise to crimes due to the emotional response in sexual crimes. criminals could get away with rape crimes if EWT seen as not reliable. **_research support with EV_** Yuille and Cutshall. 2 misleading Q’s but very accurate EWT 4m after robbery. consequences in this - not affected by leading Q unlike Loftus. **but** due to anxiety rather than consequence? good RLA-reduction in LQ in police interview (cog)

Answer 22

120 pp’s (1/2 students, ½ older people) Pps watched a video of a girl stealing money from a wallet. Condition 1: tested individually – control group. Condition 2: tested in pairs (co witnesses). They were told they had watched the same video, but they hadn’t They were put together after to have a ‘post event discussion’. They then completed a questionnaire. - 71% of pp’s gave information they hadn’t seen - 60% said the girl was guilty, despite not seeing her commit the crime.

Answer 23

**_research support w good pop val_** _Gabert_ PED decreases EWT accuracy. **but** low EV - no surprise knew taking part in exp. **_strength-RLA_** _Bodner -3 groups_ dyad - PED read-read someone else’s report both - watched alternative vid either warned or not warned about effects of PED. effects reduced when warned-dyad group as accurate as read. **but** actually a false memory? or just NSI?

Answer 24

Pp sat outside lab and thought they were hearing a genuine conversation with people inside. Condition 1: amicable discussion about equipment failure, man came out holding a pen. Condition 2: hostile discussion, sound of breaking glass.and overturned furniture; man emerged covered in blood, holding a knife. Pps given 50 photos and asked to id the man. Results: Condition 1 = 49% accuracy in id’íng man 6. Results: Condition 2 = 33% accuracy in id’ing man. Weapon Focus Effect, attention on the weapon rather than the face due to anxiety, so less accurate EWT

Answer 25

There is an optimal level of arousal which enhances memory. Underarousal or overarousal leads to poor memory performance.

Answer 26

London dungeons (heart monitor to measure anxiety when scared). Results: high state of anxiety = fewer correct descriptors of person & inaccurate line up id. This proves that the more anxiety the worse the accuracy of EWT, as the more physically anxious less recall. (but could be more due to surprise)

Answer 27

looks at surprise vs perceived threat of a weapon. pp’s watched a thief enter hair salon. 4 conditions: 1. Scissors, 2. handgun, 3. Wallet, 4. raw chicken. The pp’s accuracy decreased to high surprise (raw chicken) than the handgun (high threat). Therefore, this criticises the weapon focus theory and supports the theory that EWT is affected by surprise rather than weapon focused anxiety.

Answer 28

Canada armed robbery . Police interviewed EW’s and 13 were reinterviewed 4-5 months later. Accurate recall, even with 2 leading questions. Highest levels of stress reported were the most accurate (88% - 75%). Proves that in a real-life crime, EWT is accurate. Therefore, the weapon focus study was too underaroused and the London Dungeons over aroused (both not real crime situations). This fits with Yerkes-Dodson Law: optimal anxiety which increases accuracy.

Answer 29

**_strength-research supp_** _weapon focus study_** amicable - 49% hostile - 33% **but** low EV. staged situations, ppts may have realised acted. maybe more under-arousal - lack of anxiety not RL. **but** low accuracy in hostile due to surprise rather than anxiety of weapon. **_high EV study, supports weapon focus_** _London Dungeon_ heart rate monitor, less accurate identification. (anxiety=less accurate EWT. **but** more surprise? **_surprise support_** _Pickel study_ pps accuracy decreased in high surprise (raw chicken) than handgun (high threat). criticises weapon focus supports idea EWT affected by surprise. **_but results could be due to over arousal hence not optimum performance_** _Yuille and Cutshall_ highest levels of stress reported were most accurate (75-88%) RL - EWT accurate. Weapon focus too under aroused, London Dungeon over aroused. fits with Yerkes-Dodson law: optimum anxiety increases accuracy. Too low/high decreases.

Answer 30

- It feels more interrogatory and formal (lack of rapport/trust, so less likely to speak openly) - Questions are not in sequential order and Police will interrupt EWT (can reduce flow of memory, so less info given) - They will cross-question to check for inconsistencies - Police may end up asking leading questions (lead to false memories)

Answer 31

- recall everything - reinstatement of context (using context and state dependent retrieval cues) - reverse the order - change perspective use of rapport building, open questions

Answer 32

**_strength - more accurate than SI_** simulated crime - SI, CI, hypnosis. CI = most accurate recall so better for getting reliable EWT. increases amount of info recalled too **but** Lack of Ev, no consequences **_criticism - depends on what part of cog is being used_** recall everything, context reinstatement = most preferred by police. but overall lacks accuracy - particularly ineffective in more challenging elements. so better if only 2 elements. + less time taken. _**criticism- problems with training_** not all police trained (expensive) training takes time = not preventing crime. so SI more useful for police. **and** children can’t change perspective or reverse order. Not developed perspective taking/abstract thinking till 7.

memory content Flashcards

(57 cards)