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DPT 520 > Memory, Leanring, Consciousness, and Cognition > Flashcards

Memory, Leanring, Consciousness, and Cognition Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

what is the definition of memory?

A

the formation of records of new experiences and the use of the info to guide subsequent activities

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2
Q

what is the basis for skills and shared knowledge?

A

memory

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3
Q

what is working memory?

A

short term

maintains goal-relevant info for a short time

essential for language, problem-solving, mental navigation, reasoning, mental multitasking, and cognition

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4
Q

where is working memory stored?

A

in the lat prefrontal cortex and temperoparietal association cortex

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5
Q

what is declarative memory?

A

explicit/conscious memory of facts, events, concepts, and locations

recollections that can be easily verbalized

requires attention during recall

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6
Q

what are the stages of declarative memory?

A

1) encoding
2) consolidation
3) retrieval

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7
Q

what is involved in the encoding phase of declarative memory?

A

processing info into new memories, must be awake and paying attention (linking new memories to old memories makes it easier to encode)

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8
Q

what is involved in the consolidation phase of declarative memory?

A

organizes and stabilizes the info with repetitions

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9
Q

what is involved in the retrieval phase of declarative memory?

A

being able to retrieve the memories that have been encoded

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10
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

collection of personal events

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11
Q

what is somantic memory?

A

facts and commonly shared knowledge

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12
Q

what type of memory is episodic and semantic memory?

A

declarative

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13
Q

what structures store declarative memory?

A

medial temporal lobe

med temporal cortex

hippocampus

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14
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

implicit/nonconscious

recall of skills/habits

perceptual and cognitive skills

practice is required to store procedural memories

requires less attention when repeated

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15
Q

what are perceptual skills?

A

object, pattern, and face recognition

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16
Q

what are cognitive skills?

A

reasoning, logic, problem solving

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17
Q

what structures send out efferent copies of procedural memories?

A

frontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia

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18
Q

what is motor learning?

A

3 stages: cognitive, associative, and autonomous

involves the striatum, premotor cortex, supplementary motor areas, and parietal cortex

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19
Q

what is motor adaptation?

A

adjusting and adapting movement sequences as compared to the efferent copy

comparing the actual vs intended movement

involves the cerebellum, parietal cortex, and motor cortex

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20
Q

what is consciousness?

A

state of awareness of self and environment that requires the BS, thalamus, and cerebral

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21
Q

which part of the thalamus controls consciousness?

A

intralaminar nuclei

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22
Q

what are the 4 reticular nuclei involved in consciousness?

A

raphe nuclei

locus ceruleus/MRZ

PPN

substantia nigra/VTA

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23
Q

what are the 4 NTs involved in consciousness?

A

dopamine, NE, serotonin, ACh

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24
Q

which nuclei and NT is associated with generalized arousal level?

A

nuclei: raphe nuclei

NT: serotonin

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25
which nuclei and NT is associated with attention (direction of consciousness)?
nuclei: locus ceruleus/MRZ NT: NE
26
what nuclei and NT is associated with selection of object of attention, based upon goals?
nuclei: PPN NT: ACh
27
what nuclei and NT is associated with motivation, motor activity, and cognition?
nuclei: substantia nigra and VTA NT: dopamine
28
which NT is involved in addiction and reward seeking behavior?
dopamine
29
what are the different types of attention?
orienting attention divided attention selection attention sustained attention switching attention
30
what is orienting attention?
being able to locate specific info from many dif info (focusing on one person in a classroom full of people)
31
what is selection attention?
suppressing other info (working in a coffee shop and blocking out a lot of surrounding stim)
32
what is dividing attention?
ability to attend to 2 or more things simultaneously (driving, seeing traffic light and decelerating or accelerating)
33
what is sustained attention?
ability to continue an activity over time (reading, writing notes, driving for a long time)
34
what is switching attention?
ability to change from one path to another
35
what is intellect?
ability to understand and form concepts and reason involved memory and ability to process mental events requires integrating verbal, visuospatial, and working memory fxns, social awareness, and goal-directing behavior ability to think logically and somewhat abstractly
36
what structure allows for integration of verbal, visuospatial, and working memory functions, social awareness, and goal-directed behavior for intellect?
white matter structures (lat prefrontal cortex and post parietal lobe)
37
what is amnesia?
loss of declarative memory declarative and procedure memory formation is dissociated
38
what is retrograde amnesia?
loss of memories b4 the trauma or disease capable of learning new procedural skills
39
what is anterograde amnesia?
loss of memories for events after the trauma or disease can't learn new things and form new declarative memories
40
what is a loss of consciousness?
temporary due to head trauma or space occupying lesions/tumors
41
what happens in head trauma that causes a loss of consciousness?
diffuse axonal shearing from movement of the cerebral hemispheres (torque/shear) relative to the BS
42
what happens in space occupying lesions/tumors that causes a loss of consciousness?
puts pressure on the BS
43
t/f: impaired attention can affect one or more attentional abilities
true
44
dual task activities are impacted in what populations?
brain injury older stroke
45
what are dual activities?
divided attention to multitask?
46
what is ADHD?
developmentally inappropriate inattention and impulsiveness inattentiveness: girls>boys impulsiveness: boys>girls normal selective attention
47
what types of attention are affected in ADHD?
divided and sustained attention
48
why are there cognitive and learning disabilities in Down Syndrome?
there is a reduced weight of the brain and the relative size of the frontal lobe is smaller
49
by age 40, many people with Down syndrome will develop what?
Alzheimer's disease (but most cases have subtle behavioral changes
50
why are there cognitive and learning disabilities in PKU?
demyelination and neuronal loss due to the retention of phenylalanine
51
what is the most common learning disability?
dyslexia
52
what are learning disabilities?
failure to develop specific types of intelligence
53
what is dementia?
generalized mental deterioration disorientation, impaired memory, judgement, and intellect
54
what are the causes of dementia?
Alzheimer's disease frontotemporal dementia dementia w/Lewy bodies PD chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) vascular dementia (reduced blood flow caused symptoms)
55
what is Alzheimer's disease?
progressive mental deterioration memory loss, confusion, and disorientation
56
what are the causes of AD?
dysfxn affecting vascular endothelial cells in the brain blood brain barrier malfxn neuronal toxicity tau protein accumulation
57
what is the biggest risk factor for AD?
aging
58
what are the initial signs of AD?
forgetfulness, word loss
59
what are the later signs of AD?
inability to produce or comprehend language irritability, emotional lability, apathy, paranoia, and aggression motion blindness
60
what is emotional lability?
rapid uncontrollable response that may be exacerbated explosive outburt of anger CNA be related to an angering situation and is blown out of proportion or can be a completely inappropriate response
61
what is motion blindness?
inability to interpret visual flow can't tell if an object is coming towards or away from you common in AD - why they get lost so easily
62
t/f: in AD chronic inflammation leads to brain atrophy
true
63
what is frontotemporal dementia?
atrophy of the frontal and temporal cortices
64
what are the 2 subtypes of frontotemporal dementia?
primary progressive aphasia behavior frontotemporal dementia
65
what is primary progressive aphasia?
degeneration of the language areas (L=verbal, R=nonverbal) difficulty speaking/understanding speech
66
what is behavioral frontotemporal dementia?
degeneration of the frontal and anterior temporal lobe poor social cognition (inappropriate social behavior) inappropriate and impulsive behavior, personality changes, emotional lability, apathy, and poor goal-directed behavior may come off as antisocial

DPT 520 (13 decks)

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