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psychology. > memory - the multi-store model of memory. > Flashcards

memory - the multi-store model of memory. Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by “multi-store model”?

A

A structural model that consists of three core components that work together.

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2
Q

What is meant by “sensory register”?

A

Takes in sensory stimuli from the environment.

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3
Q

What is meant by “short-term memory”?

A

A limited capacity memory store where small amounts of information can be kept for a brief period of time.

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4
Q

What is meant by “long-term memory”?

A

A permanent memory store where limitless amounts of information can be stored for a long period of time.

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5
Q

What is meant by “coding”?

A

The way in which information is changed and stored in memory.

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6
Q

What is meant by “capacity”?

A

A measure of how much information can be held in memory.

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7
Q

What is meant by “duration”?

A

Length of time information can be held in memory.

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8
Q

What is meant by “model”?

A

An analogy of how memory works.

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9
Q

What are the two models of memory?

A
  • the multi-store model.
  • the working memory model.
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10
Q

Who described the multi-store model and when?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.

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11
Q

What does the multi-store model state?

A
  • contains several testable propositions.
  • contains both stores and processes.
  • memory consists of separate stores.
  • information is transferred from STM to LTM by rehearsal.
  • each store contains a certain amount of information in a different way and for a different length of time.
  • STM and LTM are unitary stores that cannot be subdivided.
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12
Q

What are the three memory stores of the MSM?

A
  • sensory memory.
  • short-term memory.
  • long-term memory.
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13
Q

[LEARN TO DRAW THE MULTI-STORE MODEL DIAGRAM]

A

[LEARN TO DRAW THE MULTI-STORE MODEL DIAGRAM]

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14
Q

What stores come off the sensory register?

A
  • iconic memory.
  • echoic memory.
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15
Q

What is the duration of information received in the sensory register?

A
  • last only briefly.
  • about 1-2 seconds.
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16
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

A

High capacity as it is constantly receiving information.

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17
Q

How can information be passed within the sensory register?

A
  • for information to be passed onto the STM the person’s attention needs to be focused on one of the sensory stores.
  • if you don’t pay attention to the information it will be forgotten.
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18
Q

What is the capacity of STM?

A
  • can only hold a small amount of information before it is forgotten.
  • between 5- 9 items.
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19
Q

How is information coded in STM?

A

Acoustically.

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20
Q

What is the duration of STM?

A

About 18 seconds.

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21
Q

How can information be kept in STM?

A
  • need to repeat information in order to keep it (maintenance rehearsal).
  • once rehearsed long enough it will be passed onto the LTM.
22
Q

What is the capacity of LTM?

A
  • unlimited.
  • information can last for a long period of time.
23
Q

How is information coded in LTM?

A

Semantically.

24
Q

How can information be kept in LTM?

A

Retrieval where information in the LTM is passed back to the STM to be available to use.

25
Q

What are the strengths of the MSM?

A
  • supportive research.
  • brain scans.
26
Q

What are the weaknesses of the MSM?

A
  • there is more than one type of rehearsal.
  • artificial materials.
  • there is more than one type of STM.
27
Q

What is the evaluation of the MSM - supportive research?

A

POINT - one strength is that there is research support for the existence of separate short-term and long-term stores.
EVIDENCE - Baddeley’s research into the difference in coding between STM and LTM found that STM encodes information acoustically whereas LTM encodes semantically.
EXPLANATION - suggests STM and LTM’s features have different characteristics.
LINK - supports idea that there are separate memory stores which are unitary and independent from one another.

28
Q

What is the evaluation point of the MSM - supportive research?

A

One strength is that there is research support for the existence of separate short-term and long-term stores.

29
Q

What is the evaluation evidence of the MSM - supportive research?

A

Baddeley’s research into the difference in coding between STM and LTM found that STM encodes information acoustically whereas LTM encodes semantically.

30
Q

What is the evaluation explanation of the MSM - supportive research?

A

Suggests STM and LTM’s features have different characteristics.

31
Q

What is the evaluation link of the MSM - supportive research?

A

Supports idea that there are separate memory stores which are unitary and independent from one another.

32
Q

What is the evaluation of the MSM - brain scans?

A

POINT - one strength is that there is neurobiological support for the existence of STM and LTM.
EVIDENCE - Beardsley (1997) found that prefrontal cortex is active during STM tasks but not LTM tasks. Squire et al (1992) found hippocampus is active when LTM is engaged in a LTM task.
EXPLANATION - suggests we can identify distinct areas of the brain which are engaged in different memory tasks. Different brain regions are activated depending on task and memory store it requires.
LINK - strengthens idea that LTM and STM are unitary memory stores and work independently.

33
Q

What is the evaluation point of the MSM - brain scans?

A

One strength is that there is neurobiological support for the existence of STM and LTM.

34
Q

What is the evaluation evidence of the MSM - brain scans?

A

Beardsley (1997) found that prefrontal cortex is active during STM tasks but not LTM tasks. Squire et al (1992) found hippocampus is active when LTM is engaged in a LTM task.

35
Q

What is the evaluation explanation of the MSM - brain scans?

A
  • suggests we can identify distinct areas of the brain which are engaged in different memory tasks.
  • different brain regions are activated depending on task and memory store it requires.
36
Q

What is the evaluation link of the MSM - brain scans?

A

Strengthens idea that LTM and STM are unitary memory stores and work independently.

37
Q

What is the evaluation of the MSM - there is more than one type of rehearsal?

A

POINT - one weakness is that it only accounts for one type of rehearsal. LTM involves more than just maintenance rehearsal.
EVIDENCE - Craik and Lockhart (1972) criticised as they suggested enduring memories are created by the processing you do rather than maintenance rehearsal. Information that is processed more deeply are more memorable.
EXPLANATION - more you rehearse information look at list of words the more likely you are to transfer that information to LTM however it has been discovered there are two types of rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal.
LINK - fails to consider there are many different processes involved in storing LTMs.

38
Q

What is the evaluation point of the MSM - there is more than one type of rehearsal?

A

One weakness is that it only accounts for one type of rehearsal. LTM involves more than just maintenance rehearsal.

39
Q

What is the evaluation evidence of the MSM - there is more than one type of rehearsal?

A
  • Craik and Lockhart (1972) criticised as they suggested enduring memories are created by the processing you do rather than maintenance rehearsal.
  • information that is processed more deeply are more memorable.
40
Q

What is the evaluation explanation of the MSM - there is more than one type of rehearsal?

A
  • more you rehearse information look at list of words the more likely you are to transfer that information to LTM however it has been discovered there are two types of rehearsal.
  • elaborative rehearsal.
41
Q

What is the evaluation link of the MSM - there is more than one type of rehearsal?

A

Fails to consider there are many different processes involved in storing LTMs.

42
Q

What is the evaluation of the MSM - artificial materials?

A

POINT - one weakness is the features of the STM and LTM relies on the use of artificial methods.
EVIDENCE - lot of research studies relied on the use of artificial stimuli in procedures such as recalling tasks using letters and digits.
EXPLANATION - task do not reflect the way we use memory in normal everyday life making the MSM lack mundane realism. Research study must involve incorporative tasks of everyday materials such as people’s faces, names or words and sentences that are far more meaningful.
LINK - lacks external validity as it does not accurately reflect the way memory operates in the outside world.

43
Q

What is the evaluation point of the MSM - artificial stimuli?

A

One weakness is the features of the STM and LTM relies on the use of artificial methods.

44
Q

What is the evaluation evidence of the MSM - artificial stimuli?

A

Lot of research studies relied on the use of artificial stimuli in procedures such as recalling tasks using letters and digits.

45
Q

What is the evaluation explanation of the MSM - artificial stimuli?

A
  • task do not reflect the way we use memory in normal everyday life making the MSM lack mundane realism.
  • research study must involve incorporative tasks of everyday materials such as people’s faces, names or words and sentences that are far more meaningful.
46
Q

What is the evaluation link of the MSM - artificial stimuli?

A

Lacks external validity as it does not accurately reflect the way memory operates in the outside world.

47
Q

What is the evaluation of the MSM - there is more than one type of STM?

A

POINT - one weakness is that case study evidence suggests that there may not just be one type of STM.
EVIDENCE - Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied amnesic patient Patient KF who had suffered fro brain damage as a result of a head injury. His digit span was tested by presenting the digits to him visually and his performance was much better compared to the verbal digit span test where he only recalled 2 digits.
EXPLANATION - must be one short term store which processes visual information and another one to process auditory information.
LINK - structure of STM is more complex than Atkinson and Shiffrin have suggested as model does not go far enough in breaking down the STM.

48
Q

What is the evaluation point of the MSM - there is more than one type of STM?

A

One weakness is that case study evidence suggests that there may not just be one type of STM.

49
Q

What is the evaluation evidence of the MSM - there is more than one type of STM?

A
  • Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied amnesic patient Patient KF who had suffered from brain damage as a result of a head injury.
  • his digit span was tested by presenting the digits to him visually and his performance was much better compared to the verbal digit span test where he only recalled 2 digits.
50
Q

What is the evaluation explanation of the MSM - there is more than one type of STM?

A

Must be one short term store which processes visual information and another one to process auditory information.

51
Q

What is the evaluation link of the MSM - there is more than one type of STM?

A

Structure of STM is more complex than Atkinson and Shiffrin have suggested as model does not go far enough in breaking down the STM.

psychology. (36 decks)

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