Memory (week 7)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring new info while memory refers to the persistance of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information. can be defines as the retention of info. not static and can change over time

Question 3

5 facts abt memory

Answer 3

1. can be suprisingly good or poor (memory periodox)
2. memories r not static and change over time
3. r brain will often go beyond availiable info to make sense of the world
4. fill in the gaps
5. generaly adaptive and sometime or react, but makes up prone to errors

Question 4

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory

Answer 4

brain takes essentialy meaningless info and turns it into meaningfull patterns. different types of experience r stored in diff regions of brain. not one place where all memories r stores

Question 5

Cycle of memory in Brain

Answer 5

where system trables to spatial attention at the oxipital lobe [back of brain] to then travel to short term memory. also traveling from there where system is the what system [motion, object, colour, face] to the short term memory in the frontal lobe

Question 6

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Synaptic Change

Answer 6

synaptic change> stronger a SC the stronger the memory will be. neural basis for changes in the brain during emmory storage in the synapse. memories begin as impulse travelling through the brain circuit, leaving a semi permanent trace. the more meory is utlized the more potential then that neurons has = long term potential

Question 7

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Long Term Potential

Answer 7

LTP > still use synpas connection between neurons. the gradual strenghtening of the oneaction meg neuron from repetitive stimulations; increases in efficiency of neural transmission at synapse

Question 8

2 facts abt LTP

Answer 8

1. basis for learning and memory at neuronal level
2. ltp common in hippocampus and plays a key role in forming memories

Question 9

Donal Hebb Neuroscience - brain & behaviour (4)

Answer 9

neurons that fire together stay together.
1. examines how cells in brain change over course of learning
2. when brain cell consistently stimulates another cell, metabolic, and physical changes occur to strenghten the relationship
3. demonstrates that memory to activation occuring at cellular level
4. behaviour can be studied at multiple levels from neurons to entire brain

Question 10

what two parts of brain r involved in memory and what region of brain

Answer 10

hippocampus and amygdale in midbrain

Question 11

Hippocampus

Answer 11

consolidation; info in the working memory gradually changed over a long term memories

Question 12

Amygdalae

Answer 12

plys a role in strengthening memories that have strong emotional connections

Question 13

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Hormones (4)

Answer 13

1. strong memories fueled by emotion
2. emotional arousal = release epinephrine and norephinephrine
3. cortisol = in excess interferes w memory
4. estrogen = improves working memory

Question 14

Cogntive Neuroscience of Memory Emotional (a and h)

Answer 14

both a and h interact to create emotional memories
Amygdale = helps recall emotions associated with fear
Hippocampus = helps recall the events themseleves

Question 15

Biology of Memory Deterioration

Answer 15

usually being shown some defines after 65 but not always. alzhimers is the most frequent cause of dementia 50/60% of the time
- memory loss
- language loss
- cortical loss

Question 16

3 types of memory - breif discripiton

Answer 16

flow of info in thinking which goes through 3 proceses:
1. sensory = holds raw sensory info for sense
2. STS = stimuli retained for several seconds (not working memory)
3. LTS = examine info and stores further

Question 17

Sensory memory

Answer 17

temprorary storage for sensory info with a large capacity but only retains it visual for 0.1 sec and auditory for 2 seconds. each sense has its own form of SM;
1. visual stimuli is called IONIC
2. Auditory is called ECHOIC

Question 18

how is info lost in sensory memory

Answer 18

1. decay
2. displacement

Question 19

how is info lost in stm

Answer 19

1. decay
2. displacement
3. interference

Question 20

how is info lost in ltm

Answer 20

1. decay
2. displacement
3. interference
4. motivated forgetting
5. retieval daliure

Question 21

Sparkling test

Answer 21

Senosory memory

• flashed a group of letters for 1/20 of a sec
• ppl could recall only half of the letters
• when he signaled to recall particual rows immediatelty after the letters disapperared with specific tone, ppl could do so with near perfect accuracy

the control proces of attention select which info passes on to stm

Question 22

Short Term Memory

Answer 22

• retains info for a limited duration for 5-20 seconds. STM in adults is 7 pieces of into. rehearsal extends the duration of stm info and can extend stm by using chucking; organization of large body of info into smaller more meamgiful groups

Question 23

Interfenrece with STM

Answer 23

lose info in stm due to 2 processes:
1. decay = fades over time
2. interference = loss of info due to competition with other info

Question 24

Retroactive interfernece

Answer 24

happens when learning new info hampers something previously learned

Question 25

Proactive interference

Answer 25

happens when earlier learning occupies memory space and gets in the way of learning smth new. both r more likly to occur when old and new stimuli r simular. 2 things at once or undsediling experince make it hard to learner later

Question 26

Long Term Memory

Answer 26

relative enduring storing info. included facts, experiences, and skills that weve developed over time. may last decades or lifetime (perma store). LTM eros tend to be somatic menaing related where a stm erros tend to be acoustic

Question 27

Subsystems of LTM (2)

Answer 27

1. declarative memory (explicit memory) 2. Non declarative memory (implicit memory) both decline with age however, there is a greater decline in delclarative memories (dementia)

Question 28

Declarative (Explicit) Memory (2)

Answer 28

memories r conscious or intentionally remebered [concreate memory] 1. episodic memory = stores memories of perosoanal experiences / events 2. semantic memory = stores facts and info (details)

Question 29

Nondeclatitve (Impict) memory

Answer 29

all other things > dont envolve facts but rather specific details. includes memories that r unconiouse or automatic and r intelligently remebered

Question 30

NDM 1. Procedural Memory

Answer 30

how to do things, motor skils, habits like brushing teeth os sinigng a familiar song

Question 31

NDM 2. Priming

Answer 31

an individual exposure to stimulu influences their subsequent response to stimulus without being aware of the conncetion - simple classical condtioned response

Question 32

working memory

Answer 32

memory of thinking we r working on (limited capacity) which allows ppl to work with info

Question 33

2 points of working memory

Answer 33

1. mental worspace in which an individual carries out congnitive operations and stores info temp 2. often throught of as a workspace within the mind that is used to carry out operations sores info and makes decisions on a moment by moment bias.

Question 34

2 limitations of working memory

Answer 34

1. capacity and short duration 2. location in brain of all 3 stages of memory r still not fully understood ( likekly location but not actually know is frontal cortex)

Question 35

Event Memory

Answer 35

perosnal social cultural cicumstances > all influence how memories r organized

Question 36

LTM Individuals cultures vs. Collectives culture

Answer 36

individualites cultures tend to recal events from own perspective and retreive info related to personal goals. child from collective cultures all encode, retain and relive more social ascpect of events

Question 37

Autobiograhical Memory

Answer 37

ability to recall early experience. possible explanation for weak autobiographical memories

Question 38

3 autobiographical memory facts

Answer 38

1. inability of infants to encode info verbally 2. underdeveloped ares of brain impicated in memory function 3. use of scripts, generalized versions of events that happen to younger children