Learning (week 6)

Question 1

Behaviour Psychology (6)

Answer 1

study of “external” Behaviour

Behaviour is objective and observable

Behaviour is the response of an organism to stimuli

Behaviour and leaning theories emphasize experience and learning as the primary forces that shape human behavior

Behaviour can be controlled by consequence - types of reinforcement following behaviour

Classical Conditioning and Operant Condiciong

Question 2

Behaviour Psychology (6)

Answer 2

study of “external” Behaviour

Behaviour is objective and observable

Behaviour is the response of an organism to stimuli

Behaviour and leaning theories emphasize experience and learning as the primary forces that shape human behavior

Behaviour can be controlled by consequence - types of reinforcement following behaviour

Classical Conditioning and Operant Condiciong

Question 3

Operant conditioning (4)

Answer 3

Associated with behaviourism

A type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by reinforcement of diminished if followed by punishment

Consequences depends on an action
* Getting good grades is constituent on studying and attending classes

Changes in behaviour created through reward or punishment

Question 4

Classical vs Operant Conditoning

Answer 4

both use acquisitions, discrimination, generalized and extinction

Classical
1. automatic reflexive responses
2. response is NOT required for us to be presented
3. Dogs automatically salivate over meat, then bell no thinking involved

Operant
1. voluntary actions
2. involves behaviour where once can influence their environment with behaviour which have consequences
3. organisms gets something bc of its response

Question 5

Law of Effect

Answer 5

Edward Thorndike
- rewards behaviours is likely to reoccur. Learning lies and association between a stimluls and a response, with the reward stamping in the connection, associating a behaviour with its consequences

Question 6

learning occurs…

Answer 6

when a individual recongizes that onces event predits another

Question 7

Thorndike Legacy

Answer 7

reinfocement theory and behaviour analysis

Question 8

Thorndike Experiment

Answer 8

Puzzle Box
- cat in box
- has to pull a string to open trap door to get to cat food outside the box

Question 9

B.F. Skinner

Answer 9

Pioneer in his work with operant conditioning. was influnced by throndike law of effect

Question 10

B.F. Skinner his work

Answer 10

• to help his subjects / animals learn and behave different, he tasted with shaping with gradually guides the animals to desire behaviour
• help of his students
• ultimate motivator in opertant conditoning is a reinforcement
• skinner designed the box to record into 24/7 = captured behaviour when rat was not being observed

Question 11

Shaping

Answer 11

• teachnique to teach rats a complicated tasks. rats would be rewarded for each response that is closer to final desired behaviour (press lever for food). Process of reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant response

Question 12

Reinforcement (Two types)

Answer 12

1. Postive Reinforcement = strength a response by presenting a seriable stimuli
2. Negative reinforcement = strengthens a response by reducing or removing something

Question 13

Reinforcers (Two types)

Answer 13

Primary reinforcer = innate stimulus, satisfying a biological need

Conditioned reinforcer = a stimulus that is learned to be postives and assoicated with a primary reinfocer

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

• any outcomes that weakens or dimishied the probability of a response
• punishment must be administered quickly after the behaviour for the best results
• trying to encourage or discourage behaviour
• adding somethingto influence behaviour or taking something away to influcne behaviour

Question 15

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 15

presenting a stimuls and increases target behaviour

Question 16

Example of Positive Reinforcement

Answer 16

giving a gold star on homework, resulting in a student studying more

Question 17

Negative Reinforcment

Answer 17

Removing a stimlulus and increases target behaviour

Question 18

Example of Negative Reinforcement

Answer 18

static on phone subsides when you stand in a specific spot in your room, causing you to stand there more often

Question 19

Positive Punishment

Answer 19

Presenting a stimulus and decreases target behaviour

Question 20

Example of Positive Punishment

Answer 20

Scolding by a pet owner, reducing a dogs habit of chewing shoes

Question 21

Negative Punishment

Answer 21

Removing a stimulus and decreasing target behaviour

Question 22

Example of Negative Punishment

Answer 22

removing a favourite toy, stopping child from having future tantrums

Question 23

Schedules of Reinforcement 2 ways

Answer 23

1. continues
2. partial

Question 24

Continues Reinforcement

Answer 24

desired response every time it occurs

Question 25

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 25

only part of the time that the response occurs. the acquisition process of the desired response is slower > greater resistance to extinction

Question 26

Fixed Raito

Answer 26

reinforcing after specific # or responses

Question 27

Variable Ratio

Answer 27

Reinforcment after an average # or responses

Question 28

Fixed Interval

Answer 28

reinfocement after specific amt of time

Question 29

Variable Interval

Answer 29

reinforcemtn after an avg amt of time

Question 30

why do we seek reinforcement? (5)

Answer 30

1. nucleus accumbens is active during processing of rewards; both natural and artifical 2. dopamine is relesed during OC when behaviour is rewarded 3. reinforcers reward producing bahaviour 4. ppl have risky behaviour (gambling / substance abuse) more likly to have a gene that code for dopamine and other reward chemical 5. releases more dopamine and have trouble removing dopamine from the synapeses or rewarded areas

Question 31

Changing (2)

Answer 31

1. reinforcement behaviour after completing a sequnce or response 2. learning simple skills; that when combined together enable subject to perform more complex tasks ( reading, writing, math, sports)

Question 32

Delayed Reinforcement

Answer 32

thorndike noticed reinforcment was more effective if there is little time between action and sequence

Question 33

Delayed Reinforcement research

Answer 33

sugest drugs that have an effect soon after being take are condidered more addictive then drugs that take hours; due to ease with which once can mentally associate actions of taking drugs with reinfocement

Question 34

Extinction (3)

Answer 34

1. weakining of an operant responce when reinforcement is no longer available 2. decline behaviour due to lack of reinforcememt 3. dopamine relsease decreeases during extinction

Question 35

Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)

Answer 35

using close observation, promoting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours oftent o ppl who experince dificudlties and challenages due to a development condition such as ausims (shape behaviour using prompts and verbal rewards)