Memory (week 8 pt 2)

Question 1

Process of memory

Answer 1

• memory works like an assembly line, and before info can make it to the ltm is must first pass through sensory memory and working memory

Question 2

Info Processing Model =

Answer 2

the huamn brain takes essentially meaningless info and turings it into meaningful patters

Question 3

3 steps of processing memory

Answer 3

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrival

Question 4

Encoding

Answer 4

transofming info into a form that can be stored as memory

Question 5

Storage

Answer 5

maintaining info in memory

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

brining stored material into mind

Question 7

act of remebering

Answer 7

to be successful must go through encoding storage and retrival. memory failure can result from the failure of any one of these processes

Question 8

role of Hippocampus

Answer 8

consolidation > info is gradually chaanged over a long term empires. researchers have studided the role of the hippocampus in memory for serveal decades now

Question 9

Encoding - Rehearsal

Answer 9

encoding transforms into into a forth taht can be stored in memory. modification of info to fit the preffered format for memory system, automatice without awarness which requries selective attention ( focussing on relevent infi, filtering out background interference)

Question 10

two proccesses of learning to remeber

Answer 10

1. maintained rehearsal
   and
2. elaborative rehersal

Question 11

Maintained Rehearsal (3)

Answer 11

• prolonged exposure to info by repeating it
• improves stm
• ie. remebering a phone #

Question 12

Elaborative Rehearsal (2)

Answer 12

• prologed exposure to info by thinking abt its meaning
• improves ltm and learning

Question 13

3 key steps to encoding

Answer 13

1. semantic
2. acoustic
3. visual

Question 14

Semantic Encoding

Answer 14

encoding of meaning

• including meaning of words (book)

Question 15

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 15

encoding of sound

• sound waves (rythems with ears)

Question 16

Visual Encoding

Answer 16

encoding of picture images
(written in capitals / eyes)

Question 17

Storage - level of processing

Answer 17

retention of encoded material over time

Question 18

3 levels of LOP

Answer 18

1. Shallow processing
2. Deep processing
3. Self Reference Effect

Question 19

Shallow Processing

Answer 19

superficial properties of info r processed

Question 20

Deep Processing

Answer 20

properties related to meaning and function of into r processed

Question 21

Self Reference Effect

Answer 21

how the info relates to you

Question 22

Maintaining info in memory requires =

Answer 22

consolidation > physilogical process in brain (hippocampus) forms permanent memorys

Question 23

Retrieval

Answer 23

locating and recoving stored info from memory. retrieval cluse r searched terms used to activate memory (google search). the more specific tempers used the better the locating and recovery of info will be

Question 24

2 ways of Retrieval

Answer 24

1. Recall
2. Recognition

Question 25

Recall

Answer 25

retriavl method in which 1 must reproduce a previoulsy presneted material like a essay test

Question 26

Recognition

Answer 26

a retrieval method in which 1 must identify info that is provided which has previously been presned ie mutliple choice test

Question 27

Encoding Specific Principles

Answer 27

retrievals of info much better and more rapid if conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval r the same

Question 28

Stage Dependent Memory

Answer 28

memories and retrieval r more effective if the person internal state reflects the state the individual was in during the encoding, substance use can impede an individuals internal state affecting memory

Question 29

Mood Dependent Memory

Answer 29

an individual tend to selectivly remeber memories that mathc current mood

Question 30

Age Difference Encoding

Answer 30

the spontaneous use of storage time during the learning of new info declines with age. changes in the left lateral prefrontal cortex underlies the encoding declines.

Question 31

Age Difference Retrieval

Answer 31

older adults tend to spontaneously sue fewer retrieveal strategies then younger adults. age related compensatory brain activity for retrievel to work around the normal changes occuring in info processing

Question 32

Forgetting - Ebbinghause Curve of Foreggting

Answer 32

used himself as a subject. he memorized a long list of nonsense sllyables which he chose bs they ahd no meaning to him. he mesured his retention of the list of sylables of certain intervals. forgetting he was most rapid at first he renetion of only 58% after 20m and 44% after an hour. after 1 day he only remeber 35%, 6 days 34% and a month he only remebered 21% of info

Question 33

What does the Forgetting Curve Show

Answer 33

most foregtting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting slows to the point where 1 does not seem to forget at all

Question 34

Cause of Forgetting (4)

Answer 34

1. encoding failure = material not put into LTM 2. Decay = unused memories disappear with time 3. Consolidation failure = disruption in consolidation 4. Interference = old (Proactive), new (Retroactive) and info interferes w learning or recall

Question 35

Changing in Brain Age Related Memory Loss

Answer 35

with age there may be some changes in the brain occur that affect his processing spreed of the brian and in turn may affect memory function

Question 36

Caused of age related memory lose (not dementia) [4]

Answer 36

1. hippocampus often deteriorates with age 2. hormones r protein that protect the repair brain cells and stimulate neural growth alos decline w age 3. older ppl often experience decreased blood flow too the brain which can affect memory and leads to change in cognitive skills 4. number of neurons declines, the number and size of dendrites decreases, and the number if synapses decreases (all affecting and efficeny of brain)

Question 37

Memory Loss Continuum (3)

Answer 37

1. normal aging 2. mild cognitive impairment 3. Dementia