meninges

Question 1

layers of the scap - outside to inside

Answer 1

skin of scalp, periosteum, bone of skull, dura mater (periosteal then meningeal), arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 2

where are blood vessels in the scalp

Answer 2

in the subarachnoid space

Question 3

dura mater (pachymeninx)

Answer 3

periosteal layer
meningeal layer (the two layers are separated only in certain sinuses)
aracnoid mater (arachnoidea)
pia mater (leptomeninx)

Question 4

two dural layers

Answer 4

periosteal and meningeal

Question 5

foramen mangum and the periosteal layer of dura (endocranium)

Answer 5

becomes continuous with the outer periosteum of the skull bones (pericranium)

Question 6

meningeal layer of dura

Answer 6

form the dura covering the spinal cord within the vertebral canal

Question 7

what cover the spinal cord, roots and spinal nere

Answer 7

dura mater and arachnoid

Question 8

epidural space

Answer 8

“above” dura mater; between endosteum and periosteal dura

Question 9

subdural space

Answer 9

below dura

Question 10

subarachnoidal space

Answer 10

below arachnoid, i.e., between arachnoid and pia

Question 11

subdural hematom

Answer 11

bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the brain itself

Question 12

epidural hematoma

Answer 12

bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the skull

Question 13

clinical signs of subdural/epidural hematoma

Answer 13

elevated intercranial pressure: headache, dizziness, nausea, double vision, etc

Question 14

dural sinus

Answer 14

dura has an outer periosteal layer adherent to bone and a meningeal layer which splits to form adural sinus

Question 15

falx

Answer 15

the two meningeal layers may form partitions that segregate areas of the brain in distinct manners

Question 16

communication between veins and sinuses

Answer 16

periosteal veins
diploic veins
emissary veins
dural sinus

Question 17

skull

Answer 17

tri-layered (1-2) outer & inner compact (3) spongy layer between (diploe) housing diploic veins and red marrow

Question 18

dural partition

Answer 18

diaphragma sellae “covering of the saddle”

single circular partition rroofs over the pituitary gland; pierced by pituiatry stalk

attachment: hypophyseal fossa

Question 19

attachments of falx cerebri

Answer 19

crista galli, midline of calvarium, occipital protuberance, occipital bone

Question 20

straight sinus

Answer 20

fuses at midline of falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli

Question 21

transverse sinus

Answer 21

attach at posterolateral margins of tentorium cerebelli

Question 22

confluence of sinuses

Answer 22

joining of sup. sag., straight & transverse sinus

Question 23

dura: arterial blood supply

Answer 23

from middle meningeal artery - branch of maxillary foramen spinosum. grooves in skull to accomodate meningeal arteries

Question 24

dura innervation

Answer 24

sensory innervation from all 3 componentsof trigeminal (V1, V2, V3)

Question 25

middle miningeal nerve

Answer 25

branch of V3 foramen spinosum

Question 26

pia

Answer 26

delicate, transparent membrane closely applied to the brain, carrying extensive network of blood vessels supplying brain; follows folds and fissues (sulvi of brain tissue); innermost of 3 layers

Question 27

arachnoid

Answer 27

spider like; middle layer, extending from pia to dura, forming the subarachnoid space

Question 28

subarachnoid space: between arachnoid and pia

Answer 28

the dura and arachnoid are attached to each toher; no space between them

Question 29

content of subarachnoid space

Answer 29

vessels supplying the brain; liquor cerebrospinalis (cerebrospinal fluid); arachnoid trabeculae: between arachnoid and pia

Question 30

network of fibers

Answer 30

arachnoid trabeculae

Question 31

CSF

Answer 31

found in subarachnoid space drains into dural sinuses via arachnoid villi, stalk-like extensions extending from subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses

Question 32

arachnoid granulations

Answer 32

clusters of arachnoid villi; extend into lateral expansions of the dural sinuses

Question 33

lateral lacunae

Answer 33

lateral expansions of dural sinuses; contain clusters of arachnoid villi

Question 34

leptomeninges

Answer 34

arachnoid, arachnoid trabeculae, pia

Question 35

circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 35

made by choroid plexus in ventricles; gets out from brain via three foramens at the level of medulla; covers brain and spinal cord and floats the brain; absorbed by arachnoid granulations

Question 36

extradularal hematoma

Answer 36

between skull and periosteal dura; e.g., following skull fractures that damage meningeal arteries. usually localized (because of adherent periosteal dura) & cause compression of underlying brain tissue. potentially life threatening

Question 37

subdural hematoma

Answer 37

between dura and arachnoid; e.g., following trauma that jerks brain inside the skull, tearing cerebral veins as they enter venous sinuses

Question 38

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 38

bleeding in the subarachnoid space; e.g. following cerebral lacerations, tearing cerebral arteries; clinical diagnostic: lumbar puncture

Question 39

cavernous sinus

Answer 39

at base of skull in close proximity to pituitary gland; contains segment of internal carotid artery; contains segments of several crainial nerves (III, IV, V-1, V-2, VI); clinically significant; area with pituitary tumors, cavernous sinus tumors, deep skull fractures

Question 40

course of the interal carotid artery & relationship to the cavernous sinus

Answer 40

internal carotid artery enters base of skull via carotid canal; travels anteriorly and horizontally within the carotid canal; enters interior of cranial vault via foramen lacerum; then proceeds superiorly, traveling through the cavernous sinus, forming s-shaped bend as it course through sinus

Question 41

lymphatic circulation of the meninges and brain

Answer 41

the brain has no lymphatic circulation; the dura mater has lymphatic circulation; the vessels penetrate the skull and drain the lymph twoard lymph noedsin the face close connection between liquor cerebrospinalis and lymph around fila olfactoria (crainial nerve #1) in the lamina cribrosa of the nose; method of drug delivery to the CNS

Question 42

anterior fossa

Answer 42

raised posterior ridge, formed by lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

Question 43

middle fossa

Answer 43

raised posterior ridge, formed by petrous crest of temporal bone

Question 44

posterior fossa

Answer 44

contains brainstem, occipital lobes and cerebellum

Question 45

what covers the floor of the crainial vault

Answer 45

dura