Meninges

Question 1

An epidural hematoma is usually caused by the tearing of a ________ or a ________.

Answer 1

Meningeal artery, venous sinus

Question 2

A subdural hematoma is usually caused by the tearing of a _______.

Answer 2

Cerebral vein as it penetrates the arachnoid mater

Question 3

What kind of epithelium covers the choroid plexus?

Answer 3

Simple cuboidal

Question 4

CSF can either move in ________ between cells or through ________ within the cells to reach the dural sinuses.

Answer 4

Channels, large vacuoles

Question 5

The brain receives ________ percent of cardiac output and accounts for ________ percent of O2 consumption.

Answer 5

15, 20

Question 6

What conditions can significantly alter the brain’s metabolism?

Answer 6

General anesthesia

Hypoglycemic coma

Seizures

Question 7

In the brain, increased PCO2 and decreased PO2 both lead to ________. Increased ________ also leads to this.

Answer 7

Vasodilation and increased flow, H+

Question 8

In the brain, decreased PCO2 and increased PO2 both lead to ________.

Answer 8

Vasoconstriction and decreased flow

Question 9

Normal intracranial pressure is ________ mm H20 or ________ mmHg.

Answer 9

65-150, 5-15

Question 10

An ICP greater than ________ mmHg is considered elevated.

Answer 10

20

Question 11

At what ICP does cerebral circulation collapse?

Answer 11

90-100 mmHg

Question 12

What is usually the cause of hydrocephalus?

Answer 12

Blockage of CSF circulation

Question 13

An uncus herniation projects through the tentorial notch and presses on what structure?

Answer 13

Midbrain

Question 14

A tonsil herniation projects through the foramen magnum and pressures on what structure?

Answer 14

Medulla

Question 15

What could cause a cingulate gyrus herniation?

Answer 15

Subdural hematoma

Question 16

The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) subtracted from the ICP gives you the ________.

Answer 16

Cerebral perfusion pressure

CPP = MABP - ICP

Question 17

What are some symptoms of increased ICP?

Answer 17

Headache

Papilledema

Altered mental status

Increased BP

Decreased HR

Question 18

The ________, a sign of increased ICP, presents with what symptoms?

Answer 18

Cushing reflex (triad)

Increased systolic BP

Increased pulse pressure (pulse pressure is diastolic - systolic)

Decreased HR

Question 19

If a MABP of 180 is exceeded, loss of ________ of the cerebral blood flow can occur.

Answer 19

Auto-regulation

Question 20

________ occurs when there is increased permeability of the BBB and increased extracellular fluid. It is usually responsive to ________.

Answer 20

Vasogenic edema, steroids and diuretics

Question 21

________ occurs when there is hypoxia or failure of the Na/K pump and leads to increased intracellular fluid/cell swelling.

Answer 21

Cytotoxic edema

Question 22

________ occurs when there is increased edema/fluid in the white matter around the ventricles and is usually associated with hydrocephalus/increased CSF.

Answer 22

Interstitial edema

Question 23

What are some maneuvers to lower ICP?

Answer 23

Hyperventilate via a respirator

Elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees

Maintain BP